Micro 6502 Journal Issue 54

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Games Feature

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MaUeS PaPERWOrU PANdEIVIONilJIVI VANish

MAGIC WINDOW II turns your APPLE in-
to a sophisticated word processor. But
because MAGIC WINDOW II operates so
much like a standard typewriter, it's ex-
tremely simple to use. In fact, because of
its unique menu structure, it's the easiest
to learn, and function selection is virtually
error free.

MAGIC WINDOW ll's powerful word pro-
cessing features include automatic format-
ting, editing, centering, and justification -
and these are all done easily "on the video
'' :en" before you ever print. Just type
your first draft quickly, then go back and
make any needed corrections. You can in-
sert or delete letters or words, even move
whole paragraphs with just a few simple
keystrokes.

And MAGIC WINDOW II can support 40-,
70-, and 80-column displays, as well as
automatically providing 80-column visibility
with scrolling. The rule is; What you see on
the screen is what you get in print. No word
processor on the market has both the
features of MAGIC WINDOW II and its
simplicity of use.

And as an extra assurance that your
document is perfect before printing and
mailing, you can use MAGIC WORDS.
With incredible speed, MAGIC WORDS
proofreads your document for spelling er-
rors and typos, shows you each one in con-
text on the screen, and allows you to cor-
rect or ignore each in sequence. Unlike any
other spelling checker, it will then auto-
matically create a corrected file as you go
so you never need to return to MAGIC WIN-
DOW II to update it yourself manually. Or.
if you're busy. MAGIC WORDS will go
through your file without waiting for you to
act on each error, and provide you with a
printout of the errors and their locations so
you can correct them at your convenience.

And with a 14,000-word basic dictionary
and plenty of memory for you to add
technical terms or customer names that
you use frequently. MAGIC WORDS be-

SIIRuwlJl|fHI|

can catch all your spelling errors and typos.

But now comes the mailing, the really
time-consuming part — unless you have
MAGIC MAILER. A mailing list merge

system, MAGIC MAILER lets you insert
each name and address (or whatever is in
your records) into your document quickly
and efficiently.

With MAGIC MAILER, you never have to
retype a document or an internal address.
With just a few keystrokes, each letter
becomes an original, and the final phase
of the paperwork process ts complete -
efficiently and to perfection.

Let's face it: The letters, invoices, and
other documents you send out represent
you to the public. They should be as pro-
fessional as possible — and they can be.
All it takes is a little MAGIC

Each program is available separately or
ask your local software store for Artsci's
MAGIC PAK. All tfiree productsare included
in an attractive library box.

z i J ,- 9 a &

srlsci.

2MHZ 6809 SYSTEMS

GIMIX offers you a variety to choose from!
38 MB WINCHESTER SYSTEM $17,498.99

DMA Double Density Floppy Disk Controller
Dual 8" DSDD Floppy Disk Systenn
Dual Winchester Subsystenn with
Two19 MB 5V4" Winchester Drives

OS-9 Text Editor
OS-9 Assembler

HARDWARE FEATURES:

• 2MHz 6809 CPU •

• 512KB Static RAM •

• 8 RS232C Serial Ports •

• 2 Parallel Ports
SOFTWARE FEATURES:

• OS-9 LEVEL TWO Multi-User •
Operating Systenn •

• OS-9 Debugger

19 MB WINCHESTER SYSTEM $8998.09

HARDWARE FEATURES:

• 128K Static Rann •

• 2MHz 6809 CPU •

• 19 MB 51/4" Winchester DMA Subsystem •
SOFTWARE FEATURES:

• OS-9 LEVEL TWO Multi-User •
Operating System •

• OS-9 Text Editor

128KB MULTI-USER SYSTEM $6997.39

HARDWARE FEATURES:

• 2MHz 6809 CPU • 2 RS232C Serial Ports

• DMA Double Density Floppy Disk Controller • Dual 8" DSDD Floppy Disk System

• 128KB Static Ram

SOFTWARE FEATURES: Your choice of either UniFLEX or OS-9 LEVEL TWO. Both are Unix-like
Multi-User/Multi-Tasking Operating Systems.

56KB FLEX/OS-9 "SWITCHING" SYSTEM $4148.49

HARDWARE FEATURES:

• 2MHz 6809 CPU • DMA Double Density Floppy Disk Controller

• 56K Static Ram • 2 Built-in SVa" 40tr DSDD Disk Drives

• 2 RS232C Serial Ports (80 Track DSDD Drive Option . . add $400.00)
SOFTWARE FEATURES:

• GMXBUG monitor — FLEX Disk Operating System

• OS-9 LEVEL ONE Multi-tasking operating system for up to 56K of memory

4 RS232C Serial Ports

1 MB 51/4" Floppy Disk Drive

DMA Double Density Floppy Disk Controller

OS-9 Debugger
OS-9 Assembler

WINCHESTER SUBSYSTEMS

Winchester packages are available for upgrading current GIMIX 6809 systems equipped with DMA controllers, at least one
floppy disk drive, and running FLEX, OS-9 LEVEL ONE or OS-9 LEVEL TWO. The packages include one or two 19MB (unformat-
ted) Winchester drives, DMA Hard Disk Interface, and the appropriate software drivers. The Interface can handle two 5V4"
Winchester Drives, providing Automatic Data Error Detection and Correction: up to 22 bit burst error detection and 1 1 bit burst
error correction.

Dual drives can be used together to provide over 30 MBytes of on line storage - or use one for back-up of the other. (More
convenient and reliable than tape backup systems.

#90 includes one 19MB Drive, Interface, and Software $4288.90

#91 includes two 19MB Drives, Interface, and Software $6688.91

Contact GIMIX for systems customized to your needs or for more information.
50 HZ Export Versions Available

GIMIX Inc. reserves the right to change pricing and product
specifications at any time without further notice.

GiMiX® and GHOST® are registered trademarl<s of GIMIX Inc.

FLEX and UniFLEX are trademarks of Technical Systems Consultants Inc.

OS-9 is a trademark of Microware inc.

1337 WEST 37th PLACE

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60609

(312)927-5510

TWX 910-221-4055

Gimix

inc.

1982 GIMIX Inc.

THE SKILLS YOU^^^M^^
TO MASTER YOUR MICRO

IN A FRIENDUr, SEU^PACED FORNIAI^
FROMWILEY

BASIC FOR THE APPLE II®

Jerald R. Brown, LeRoy Finkel, & Bob Albrecht
A complete, friendly, and virtually guaranteed in-
troduction to BASIC programming on the Apple
11®— from fundamental principles, assignment
statements, and stored programs to such ad-
vanced techniques as string variables and func-
tions, subscripted variables, subroutines, and
more.

(1-86596-6) October 1982
416 pp. $12.95

ATARI® SOUND AND GRAPHICS

Herb Moore, Judy Lower, & Bob Albrecht
Learn how to compose and play melodies, draw
cartoons, create games, and combine animation
and sound— even if you have no previous comput-
ing experience.
(1-09593-1) 1982 234 pp. $9.95

TRS-80™ COLOR BASIC

Bob Albrecht

Packed with games, experiments, and program-
ming problems and solutions, this manual lets you
explore all the applications of the TRS-80™ Color
Computer, while it teaches you the fundamentals
of BASIC programming.
(1-09644-X) 1982 374 pp. $9.95

6502 ASSEMBLY UNGUAGE PROGRAMMING

Judi N. Fernandez, Donna N. Tabler, & Ruth Ashley
Puts the speed and efficiency of assembly lan-
guage programming within reach of owners of
APPLES®, ATARI s®. Commodores, or any of the
popular microcomputers based on the 6502 mi-
croprocessor chip.
(1-86120-0) October 1982
approx. 256 pp. $12.95

GOLDEN DEUCIOUS GAMES FOR THE
APPLE® COMPUTER

Howard M. Franklin, JoAnne Koltnow,
& LeRoy Finkel

This delightful guide shows novice and experi-
enced programmers how to use the color, sound,
and graphic capabilities of the Apple II® to create
their own computer games.
(1-09083-2) 1982 150 pp. $12.95

More than a million people have learned to pro-
gram, use, and enjoy microcomputers with Wiley
Self-Teaching Guides. Look for them all at your
favorite bookshop or computer store.

f^. JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc.
i8o7(\^i982 605 Third Avenue

■ha^- i^ew York, N.Y. 10158
In Canada: 22 Worcester Road, Rexdale, Ontario M9W 1L1

Apple* and Apple W" are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc
Atari* is a registered trademarl< of Atari, inc.
TRS-80TM is a trademari< of Tandy Corp.

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

November Highlights

Games Featuie

This month we expand a bit from our usual content and of-
fer an array of games for a wide variety of computers.
Although we don't usually publish games, we feel that
they may be valuable, particularly where they demon-
strate techniques or cultivate a skill in the user. Instead of
making games a regular part of MICRO, we prefer to do it
all at once!

There are specific games for nearly every computer, in-
cluding the PET, VIC, Apple, ClP/Superboard, Atari 400/
800, and the SYM..In addition, you will find that most can
be converted easily to run on even more machines. These
represent a variety of types of games too — from action
games like "Space Invasion" and "Shootdown," to
strategy games like "Number Shuffle, " "GOMOKU," and
"23 Matches," to "Castle Adventure."

Written in the style of Scott Adams' famous games,
"Castle Adventure" (p. 41) tests your memory and
analytical skills. You will find yourself in the evil baron's
castle in a quest for treasure and the kidnapped princess.
"Castle Adventure" was originally written for the PET.
We have provided specific line changes to make it run on
the Apple. However, except for disk commands, it is writ-
ten in straight Microsoft BASIC, so owners of OSI, Atari
(with Microsoft BASIC), and Color Computer (with ex-
tended BASIC) machines should be able to easily adapt
"Castle Adventure."

"Solve the Pagoda Puzzle Using Recursive Assembly"
(p. 53) is particularly interesting because it demonstrates a
technique — having a subroutine call itself — that you
may want to apply to your own programs. The author's ap-
plication is in solving the "Pagoda" or "Tower of Hanoi"
puzzle. The program solves the puzzle for a stack of disks
of any practical height and outputs a list of specific moves.
With a minimum of changes, it will run on any 6502 com-
puter. You may want to try incorporating this routine into
a BASIC program that actually shows the disks being moved
from peg to peg.

"GOMOKU" (p. 59) is a fast, machine-language ver-
sion of the oriental game of strategy. It is presented here
for VIC, with modifications for PET. "Number Shuffle" is
an Atari computer version of "Magic Square," the game
where you slide the little numbered squares around until
you get them in order. "Space Invasion," for the CIP/
Superboard and "Shootdown" are arcade-style action
games. Finally, "23 Matches' ' is a short machine-language
game for the SYM. It makes ingenious use of the SYM's
LCD display.

This month's editorial (p. 7) offers some thoughts on
games and their place in MICRO and in our society.

68000 Coverage Continues

Preliminary results from our survey indicate that a lot
of you are interested in the 68000. As part of our continu-
ing effort to keep you informed on this powerful new pro-

cessor, we present two articles this month on the 68000.
Dr. Hootman's detailed discussion of the 68000 instruc-
tion set continues (p. 27] with the binary arithmetic opera-
tions. Handy reference tables are included. Jelemensky
and Whiteside (p. 13) conclude their demonstration of
68000 programming techniques.

We haven't seen any games yet for the 68000. Is it
because its users haven't gotten over the speed and power?
Or is it because these machines aren't finding their way in-
to very many homes?

Atari Coverage Takes Off

With the addition of Contributing Editor Paul Swanson
to our staff, MICRO'S Atari coverage has improved con-
siderably. Paul's column, a new "From Here to Atari" (p.
103), starts this month. In addition, he continues his
character graphics article series with a discussion of fine
scrolling [p. 82). This month's data sheet (p. 109 — com-
piled by Paul Swanson) is a handy reference for serious
Atari programmers.

Atari users will be interested in programming extra col-
ors, even in the limited high-resolution modes. Richard
and Donna Marmon (p. 96) illustrate two techniques —
one that uses adjacent color dots, and one that quickly
alternates displays.

Hardware

In keeping with our lighter theme in this issue, the
hardware articles we present are simple, single-evening
projects. All involve modifications of existing equipment.
Ralph Teimy (p. 19) shows how to get a high-quality pic-
ture from your color computer using a monitor instead of a
TV. A monitor requires a composite video signal, not
available on the CC, and the author shows you how to add
it. Jim Strasma (p. 35) shows how to take Commodore's
cheapest model PET and convert it into a machine with
80-column business capabilities, yet with all the graphic
characters still available from the keyboard. OSI owners
can now use Atari's inexpensive joysticks with their
machines. Joseph Ennis (p. 9) shows how to make the sim-
ple changes in your computer board.

Graphics for the Apple

For those interested in improving their game and graphic
programming skills, our graphics articles for Atari and Ap-
ple will help. Apple programmers will learn about 3-D ro-
tation from Chris Williams (p. 99) . If you have done much
graphics programming on the Apple, you have probably
been annoyed by the unfortunate location of the graphics
pages. Authors Bems (p. 93) and Weston (p. 79) present a
number of techniques to circumvent this problem.

New Color Computer Column Expands
6809 Coverage

John Steiner's new monthly column "CoCo Bits"
covers the 6809-based TRS-80 Color Computer (p. 38).
This month he discusses some problems associated with
transferring cassette programs to disk and presents a short
program to move the game "BEDLAM." Also for the
Color Computer owner, Ron Anderson discusses FLEX09
(p. 23) as it is implemented by Frank Hogg Laboratories.
FLEX is a imiversal operating system that opens up a wide
range of software for the 6800 and 6809 to the Color Com-
puter owner. ilMCftO

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

Emulates these terminals exactl y.

IBM 3101

DEC VT100, VT52

Data General 0200

ADDS flagent 20, 25, 40

Hazeltlne 1400, 1410, 1500

LearSieglerADM-3A,AOM-5

TeleVideo 910

Teletype Model 33 KSR

Apple is a trademaitt of
Apple Computer, inc.

BREAK

CATALOG

CHAIN

CONFIGURE

CONNECT

CONVERSE

DIAL

END

HANGUP

LOG

MONITOR

NOLOG

ONERR

PAUSE

PROMPT

RECEIVE

REMARK

RETRIES

SEND

SPECIAL

SPEED

TIMEOUT

XMIT:WAIT

Supports these
interface txjards.

Your host com
won't know the differcncci

Softerm provides an exact terminal emulation
for a wide range of CRT terminals which interface
to a variety of host computer systems. Special
function keys, sophisticated editing features,
even local printer capabilities of the terminals
emulated l}y Softerm are fully supported. Softerm
operates with even the most discriminating host
computer applications including video editors.
And at speeds up to 9600 baud using either a
direct connection or any standard communi-
cations modem.

Unmatched file transfer capability

Softerm offers file transfer methods flexible
enough to match any host computer requirement.
These include character protocol with user-
definable terminator and acl<nowledge strings,
block size, and character echo wait, and the
intelligent Softrans"* protocol which provides
reliable error-free transmission and reception of
data. The character protocol provides maximum
flexibility for text file transfers. Any type file
may be transferred using the Softrans protocol
which provides automatic binary encoding and
decoding, block checking with error recovery, and
data compression to enhance line utilization.
A FORTRAN 77 source program is supplied with
Softerm which is easily adaptable to any host

computer to altowi _

with Softerm using the Softrans pro

Softerm file transfer utilizes an easy to use
commandlanguage which allows simple defini-
tion of even complex multiple-file transfers with
handshaking. Twenty-three high-level commands
include DM/., CATALOG, SEND. RECEIVE,
ONERR, HANGUP, MONITOR and others which
may be executed in immediate command mode
interactively or from a file transfer macro com-
mand file which has been previously enters
and saved on disk.

Built-in utilities

Softerm disk utilities allow DOS commands such
as CATALOG, INIT RENAME, and DELETE to be
executed allowing convenient file maintenance.
Local file transfers allow files to be displayed,
printed, or even copied to another file without
exiting the Softerm program. Numerous editing
options such as tab expansion and space com-
pression are provided to allow easy reformatting
of data to accommodate the variations in data
formats used by host computers. Softerm sup-
ports automatic dialing In both terminal and file
transfer modes. Dial utilities allow a phone book
of frequently used numbers to be defined which
are accessed by a user-assignable name and

Apple ComiDunjcatliHis Card

Apple Parallel Printer

Apple Serial Interface

Apple Super Serial Card

Bit 3 Dual-Comm Plus™

CCS 7710, 7720, 7728

Hayes Mlcromodeni I

Smartmodem'* 300, & 1200

Intra Computer PSIO

Novation Apple-Cat ir 300 & 1200

Orange Micro Grappler™

SSM ASIO, APIO, AlO, AlO ir

Tpofts your 80-column hardware

ALS Smarterm™

Bit 3 Full-view 80"

Computer Stop Omnlvision™

M&R Sup'R'Terminar

STB Systems STB-80™

VIdex Vldooterm™

Vista Computer Vision 80""

Wtosper Micro Wizard 80"

specify the serial interface parameters
to be used.

Online Update Service

The Softronics Online Update Service is pro-
vided as an additional support sen/ice at no
additional cost to Softenn users. Its purpose
is to allow fast turnaround of Softerm program
fixes for user-repoited problems using the
automatic patch facility included in Softerm
as well as a convenient distribution method for
additional terminal emulations and I/O drivers
which become available. User corresixndence
can be electronically mailed to Softronics, and
user-confr/Metf keyboard macros, file transfer
macros, and host adaptations of the Softrans
FORTRAN 77 program are available on-line.

Most advanced communications
software available

Just check Softerm's 300 page user manual.
You simply can't buy a more sophisticated
package or one that's easier to use. Available
now for only $150 from your local dealer or
Softronics, Inc.

SOFTRONICS

6626 Prince Edward, iVIemphis, Tl^ 38119. 901755-5006

NO. 54

NOVEMBER 1982

STAFF

President/Editor-in-Chief
ROBERT M. TRIPP

Publisher

MARY GRACE SMITH

Editorial Staff

PHIL DALEY — Technical editor
JOHN HEDDERMAN — Jr. programmer
MARJORIE MORSE — Editor
JOAN WITHAM — Editorial assistant
LOREN WRIGHT — Technical editor

Graphics Department

HELEN BETZ — Director

PAULA M. KRAMER — Production mgr.

EMMALYN H. BENTLEY — Typesetter

Sales and Marketing
CATHI BLAND — Advertising mgr.
CAROL A. STARK — Circulation mgr.
LINDA HENSDILL — Dealer sales
MAUREEN DUBE — Promotion

Accounting Department
DONNA M. TRIPP — Comptroller
KAY COLLINS — Bookkeeper
EILEEN ENOS — Bookkeeper

Contributing Editors
DAVE MALMBERG
JOHN STEINER
JIM STRASMA
PAUL SWANSON
RICHARD VILE

Advertising Sales Representatives
See Page 127

Subscription/Dealer inquiries
(617)256-5515

DEPARTMENTS

3

November Highlights

7

Editorial

38

CoCo Bits

50

New Publications

63

Letters/Updates

75

PET Vet

86

APPLE Slices

88

Reviews in Brief

103

From Here to ATARI

105

6809 Bibliography

106

Software Catalog

108

Hardware Catalog

109

Data Sheet

111

Advertiser's Index

112

Next Month in MICRO

THE 6502/6809 JOURNAL

GAMES FEATURE

41 Castle Adventure for PET and APPLE David Maimberg

49 SYM 23 Matches Matt Ganis

CO Solve the Pagoda Puzzle Using

^^ Recursive Assembly Sherwood Hoyt

59 VIC/PET GOMOKU David Maimberg

62 NumberShuffleon the ATARI Frank Roberts

66 Sensible Use of APPLE Game Paddles Harry l Pruetz

70 Space Invasion for OS! C1P/Superboard Johns. Seyboid

72 APPLE ShoOtdOWn Eric Grammer

HARDWARE

Q ATARI Joysticks on the OS! Joseph Ennls

^ A simple modification including software and programming information

HO An IVIC68000 Overview, Part 2. . . .JoeJelemenskyand Tom Whiteside

' ^ Simple examples illustrate 68000 programming techniques

H q A Monitor for the TRS-80 Color Computer Ralph Tenny

' ^ Instructions to get composite video from the video section of the CC

oo FLEX and the TRS-80 Color Computer Ronald w. Anderson

^^ A description of FLEX09

py 68000 Binary Arithmetic Operations JoeHootman

^ • A discussion of binary arithmetic instructions

qc How to Make a Graphic-80 PET from a 4016 Jim strasma

^^ Just add inexpensive ICs and move jumpers

GRAPHICS

70 APPLE Hi-Res Graphics and Memory Use Dan weston

' ^ Avoid overwriting the graphic display area

op ATARI Character Graphics from BASIC, Part 2 PauiSwanson

^^ Learn about fine scrolling

qq Getting Around the APPLE Hi-Res Graphics Page Eagle i. Bems

^^ utilize the graphics area without sacrificing memory

qo Extra Colors for the ATARI Richard l. and Donna Marmon

^O Xvvo techniques to expand your computer's palette

qq Introduction to 3-D Rotation on the APPLE chris wmiams

^^ Learn the techniques for yaw, pitch, and roll

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

EXPANSION

Tired of trying to run your word processor or your DMB on an
OSI 64 ctiaracter video screen? Now there's the SEB-3, THE
most versatile 80x24 video board anywhere is available for OSI
48 pin BUSS systems. No longer will you have to consider con-
verting your video-based system to a serial terminal because
you've found 64 characters stifling for serious business use.
Nor need you give up compatibility with any existing graphics
software because the SEB-3 allows you to choose ANY screen
format up to 80x24 including 32x32 and 64x32. Since the
SEB-3's screen format can be changed at any time under soft-
ware control, even gaming displays can benefit from screens
custom tailored to the game itself. The SEB-3 is so
well designed and so versatile that it will not need
to be replaced — ever. Simple changes in software and/or
hardware will allow the SEB-3 to: generate displays up to 256

columns; handle 50 Hz European formats; accomodate custom
characters or character cell sizes larger or smaller than 8x8
and transparently access the screen to eliminate screen
"glitches". In short, the SEB-3 will meet any demands your
system may place on it now and in the future. The SEB-3 also
supports an OSI-style floppy disk interface which can handle
two 5" or 8" drives. Like all of the boards in the SEB series,
the SEB-3 simply "plugs in" to your machine — there are
absolutely NO hardware changes. The SEB-3 is designed to
replace your outmoded 540 board so you don't even lose a
backplane slot. Your keyboard input now also plugs into
the SEB-3 — load one of the software drivers and you're
ready to go!
SEB-3 Assembled $259.00 Bare Board $59.00

Kit $220.00 Manual only $5.00

If your Challenger can't generate displays like those shown
above WHAT ARE YOU WAITING FOR? The SEB-1 High
Resolution Graphics and ivlemory Board (for CI P and
Superboard II) and the SEB-2 High Resolution Graphics and
Disk Controller Board (for C2/4/8) simply 'plug-in' to your
computer and give you instant access to over 49000
individually addressable pixels in up to 8 colors! Your Hi-Res
screen can go from 32 x 16 alphanumerics to 256 x 192 point
graphics in 1 1 software selectable modes. The standard video
of your computer is left intact, so that none of your current
software library is outmoded. Use the graphics for Business,
Scientific, Education, or Gaming displays that were impossible
— until now! SEB-1 SEB-2

Installation of either board requires absolutely NO rnodification of
your computer — they just 'plug-in'. Nor do they preclude your
using any other OSI-compatible hardware or software. In addition
to the Hi-Res Graphics the SEB-1 gives CI & Superboard II users
1 6K of additional user memory (over and above that memory
devoted to the graphics), two 16 bit timers/counters, an on-board
RF modulator, and a parallel port with handshaking. The SEB-2
gives OSI 48-pin BUS users an OSI hardware/software
compatible Disk controller, and an RF modulator that can be
user-populated.

FOR OSI IP, 2-4P, 2-8P, C4P, C8P

SEB-1

SEB-2

Assembled and Tested
Kit

$249.00 (5K RAM) $239.00 (1K RAM)
$165.00 (No HAM) $199.00 (No ^M)

COMING: SEB-3 80x24 VIdeolDlak Controller (C2l4/a), SEB-4 4BK Memory
RAMIROM (C2l4la), SEB-S 8K RAMIDIaklSoundlClooklVolce (CI i Superboard).

Write for FREE catalog

International Requests please

supply 2 International Response Coupons

ORION

Bare Board & Manual
Manual only

$ 59.00
$ 5.00

$ 59.00
$ 5.00

A

VfSA'

-762-5636

j

'^SOFTWARE ASSOC.

^^

P.O. BOX 310, OSSINING, NY 1056

2 914

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

About the Cover

Our biave knight, Godfrey de Good-
heart, boldly chases dragons through
Baron Von Evil's castle in search of the
fair Princess Fatima. MICRO features
"Castle Adventure'* by David Maimberg
(page 41]. It is written for PET, Apple,
and other Microsoft BASIC computers.

The photo, by Kenneth Witham, is of
Schloss Anif in Salzburg, Austria. The
knight and dragon graphics were drawn
on the Apple Graphics Tablet.

/MCftO

iMCAO is published monthly by

MICRO INK, Chelmsford, MA 01824 |

Second Class postage paid at:

Chelmsford, lAA 01814 and additional |

mailing offices

USPS Publication Number: 483470

ISSN: 0271-9002

Send subscriptions, change of address, USPS

Form 3579, requests for back issues and all

other fulfillment questions to

MICRO INK

34 Chelmsford Street

P.O. Box 6502

Chelmsford, MA 01814

or call

617/256-5515

Telex: 955329 TLX SRVC

800-227-1617

Subsciiption Rates

Pel Year

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$24.00

2yr.

/ $42.00

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$48.00

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Far East, Australasia,

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$72.00

Copyright© 1982 by MICRO INK

All Rights Reserved

Editorial

Responsible Gamesmanship

MICRO does not publish games. We've
run editorials explaining why — out-
lining the weaknesses, drawbacks, and
worthlessness of many computer
games. The computer was not devel-
oped to fill arcades or to force squeals of
delight or anguish from mesmerized
users who've spent hours killing the
same aliens over and over again.

So why have we not only added
games in this issue, but FEATURED
them? We aren't giving in; we still
believe many games are a waste of
time. But we also believe that games —
when written and presented properly —
can educate. In fact, they can act as an
effective tool at all educational levels.

For example, there are games that
simulate business environments,
games that demand logical thought,
games that teach us how to program,
how to spell, or to calculate math-
ematical equations. The variations of
these games that are most successful
actively involve the student/partici-
pant in problem solving and decision
making. They are not just drills to
enable us to push the right button at
the right time or to give the right
answer; they are lessons in learning —
they can expand our understanding of
both artificial and human intelligence.

You see, it's the games that just pit
one person against the computer in a
mindless battle of eye-hand coordina-
tion that irritate us the most. [Does an
image of your neighborhood's favorite
arcade leap to mind?) Maybe these
florescent, noisy battlegroimds provide
entertainment for those who need to let
off a little steam; but to have energetic,
lively, questioning children and adoles-
cents glued to machines in meaningless
combat for hours on end is scary.

Whose responsibility is it (yours,
ours, the schools, the manufacturers)
to offer at least enough of the really
worthwhile stuff to balance off what's
already so, unfortunately, popular?

Judah Schwartz, Professor of Engi-
neering Science and Education at MIT,
summed up the software situation in a
recent issue of Classioom Computei
News. Although his comments were
directed specifically toward educa-
tional material, they can be as easily
applied to games in general: "My hope
is that the publishers of this country —
who control the curriculum far more
than they even begin to realize — will
stop doing what they are now doing and
start to provide materials for computers
which are more open-ended, which are
more tool-like in nature, which will
help children to assume a more active
role, which will not trivialize the
nature of education, and which will
work to make schools more nearly the
collaborative community of learners
that they should be."

Computers are efficient, friendly,
and generally expensive. As with every-
thing else, we want them to be used to
their full potential. One way is through
well-written, mind-boggling, educa-
tional games. So, MICRO would like to
promote the use of these types of
games. We encourage manufacturers to
continue to produce quality products
that get the most out of the computer
and the participant. We encourage pub-
lishers of books and magazines to sup-
port the use of stimulating games that
require both the use of skill and the
growth of skills.

We hope you enjoy the games we
present in this issue, but also hope you
will learn some new techniques and
some good methods for writing your
own games. We hope you will give
some thought to the social impact of
computer games, as well.

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

&iT

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MACHINE LANGUAGE SPEED
WHERE IT COUNTS...

IN YOUR PROGRAM!

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You simply give each routine a name of your choice, perform the append pro-
cedure once at about 15 seconds per routine, and the machine language becomes a
permanent part of your BASIC program. (Of course, you can remove it if you want to.)

Up to 255 relocatable machine language routines can be attached to a BASIC
program and then called by name. We supply some 20 routines on this disk. More
can be entered from magazines. And more library disks are in the works.

These routines and more can be attached and accessed easily. For example,
to allow the typing of commas and colons in a response (not normally allowed in
Applesoft), you just attach the Input Anything routine and put this line in your program:

XXX PRINT "PLEASE ENTER THE DATE."; : & INPUT,DATE$

&-MAGIC makes it Easy to be Fast & Flexible!

PRICE: $75

&-Magic and Amper-Magic are trademarks of Ajiihro- Digital, Inc.
Applesoft is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Some routines on this disk are:

Binary file info
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Disassemble memory
Dump variables
Find substring
Get 2-byte values
Gosub to variable
Goto to variable
Hex memory dump
Input anything
Move memory
Multiple poke decimal
Multiple poke hex
Print v\//ov\/ord break
Restore special data
Speed up Applesoft
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Store 2-byte values
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MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

Installing Atari Joysticks
on the OSI

by Joseph Ennis

A simple, non-destructive
modification to the OSI C1 P or
Superboard is described. This
allows the use of Inexpensive
Atari joysticks. Demonstration
software and programming
Information are also Included.

Joystick

requires:

C1P

Hardware components

One or two Atari joysticks

Installing Atari joysticks on the OSI
600 board-based computers (Super-
board or CIP) is easy. It takes $9.95 per
joystick and five minutes.

Sears is a good source for Atari
joysticks; they stock them under two
catalog numbers — 6K99835 for a
single joystick or T3K7687 for a pair.
You'll pay $19.95 for two. In addition
you will need one 12-pin male Molex
connector. You may purchase one from
your OSI dealer for $1.00, or from
Technical Products Co., Box 12983,
University Station, Gainsville, FL
32604 (Molex coimectors are $4.95 for
four pair of male and female) .

My 600 board came without J4
mounted, but it took me about one
minute to push a coimector into the
holes in the printed wiring board and
solder the twelve pins to the board.

When you get the joysticks, cut the
Atari cables as close to the coimector as
possible, and strip enough of each wire
to connect to a male Molex connector
[about 1/8 inch). I used a drill press
vise to hold the Molex connector and
an X2 magnifying glass to aid in solder-
ing. I also used the trick of wrapping
several turns of number 18 buss wire
around the tip of my 15-watt pencil
iron to give me a fine soldering point.

Solder the wires of both joysticks (if
you plan to use two) to the single male

Molex connector according to the fol

lowing table:

Molex

Pin Joystick 1

Joystick 2

1 -

Black

2 Black

3 -

4 —

—

5 Green

Green

6 Blue

Blue

7 Brown

Brown

8 White

White

9 Orange

Orange

10 -

—

11 —

—

12 -

—

For those interested in how this
modification works, figure 1 shows the
schematic of the 600 board keyboard
area with the joysticks connected to
connector J4.

Testing is also easy. First do the
usual inspection for poor workman-
ship, solder bridges, etc. Then plug the

joystick connector into [4, the connec-
tor in the lower left comer or closest to
the keyboard (see photograph). Plug in
the joystick connector so that pin 1, the
one with a black wire on it, is toward
the back of the 600 board (away from
the keyboard). Bring up power and,
without touching the joystick, check to
see that the keyboard works as before.
Now pick up joystick 1, the one with
its black wire connected to pin 2. Move
the controls on the joystick and note
that characters are printed to the
monitor screen according to the follow-
ing table. Pick up joystick 2 and per-
form the same test. Any problem is
most likely a soldering problem.

Joystick 1

Joystick 2

Fire

Q

1

Up

A

2

Right

Z

3

Down

Space

4

Left

/

5

Don't worry about Up-Right or Up-

Figure 1: Keyboard/Joystick Schematic

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

Right-While-Filing. These combina-
tions are there, but right now they
decode to non-printable symbols and
don't show on the monitor screen.

This completes installation and
testing. The rest of the joystick opera-
tion is software. At the time of this
writing OSI had not yet come out with
any joystick programs for the 600 board
computers, so there had not been any
standardization of the joystick move/
decode tables. Much joystick software
for the OSI is sold by Aardvark Techni-
cal Services, 2352 South Commerce,
Walled Lake, MI 48088. Aardvark uses
a slightly different method of connec-
ting joysticks and a different decode.
There are advantages and disadvan-
tages. Aardvark' s Mod is longer and re-
quires cutting some traces on the 600
board. However, they have a lot of good
software already developed according
to their convention. Fortvmately, the
difference is not great. Joystick 2 in this
mod has the same decode as joystick 1
in the Aardvark mod. Therefore, all
one-player games need no changes.
Aardvark's joystick 2 is connected so
that it decodes to: Fire = 8 Up = 9
Right = Down=: and Left = -. For
two-player Aardvark games the code
must be changed.

When writing software for joy-
sticks, the following line must appear
early in the program;

POKE 530,1 :REM TURNS OFF KEY-
BOARD SCAN, POKE 530,0 WILL TURN
KEYBOARD SCAN ON AGAIN

Later in the program, when joystick
1 is to be polled, program:

POKE 57088,128: P = PEEK(57088)

and when joystick 2 is to be polled,
program:

POKE 57088,2: P = PEEK(57088)

Table 1 gives all the possible values for
variable P.

A joystick demo program has been
included at the end of this article. This
demo illustrates most of the techniques
for animated graphics and their use
with joysticks.

This program, when running, will
display two tank symbols. Each tank
symbol will be controlled by one
joystick. A study of listing 1 will illus-
trate the programming techniques re-
quired by programs using joystick in-
puts. It is not necessary to have a joy-
stick decode table with all seventeen of
the entries given in table 1, since
FIRING is merely the position values,
less 127. Therefore, note that in line 70
FIRE is set equal to 128 and in line 1000
P is checked to see that it is less than
FIRE. If it is, then the program jumps to
the FIRE subroutine at 2000. The last

Listing 1

REM««*««««««*«***«««

1 REM JOYSTICK »♦

2 REM DOODLER ♦»

3 REM »»

4 REM bv ♦♦

5 REM Joseph Ennis ♦*
A REM ♦»

7 REM A- DEMO of JOY-»»

8 REMSTICK TECHNIQUES*

9 REM»»*»»*»»-»-»-»»*»»»*

10 REM JOYSTICK ONE IS SET AT 1=FIRE» 2=UP.

11 REM JOYSTICK TWO IS SET AT Q=FIRE. A=UPr

12 REM YOU HILL NOTE SOME INTERACTION PROBLEMS WITH BOTH FIRE BOTTONS

13 REM SET TO COLUMN 7 THIS CAN BE FIXED BY SETTING FIRE ON

14 REM JOYSTICK TWO TO FIRE=; AND MAKING A FEW CHANGES IN FIRE SUBROUT

15 DIM K(8) . M(3) > S(8)
20 X=0: U=0
30 FOR X=l TO 8:
40 FOR X=l TO 8!
50 FOR X=l TO 8!

3=D0WNi 4=LEFT

Z=RIGHTi SPACE=DOWNi /=LEF

READ K(X) :
READ MIX) I
READ S(X) :

«: 2110

NEXT: REM LOADS KEY DECODE TABLE
NEXT: REM LOADS MOVE TABLE
NEXT: REM LOADS SYMBOL TABLE
40 A=53480i B=540Al: REM TANK A4B START LOCATIONS

70 AA = 2! BB = 128! N00P = 254: FIRE=128: C = .57088: SHELL = 46: BLANK = 32

71 REM FIRE REALLY EQUALS 127 BUT SETTING TO 128 SAVES AT 100

74 FOR X=l TO 32: PRINT: NEXT

75 INPUT"SELECT SPEED <1 = FAST 2!J0 = SLOW) "! DELAY
90 FOR X=l TO 32: PRINT: NEXT: REM SLOW SCREEN CLEAR
100 POKE 5301 l: REM TURN OFF AUTOMATIC KEYBOARD SCAN
110 POKE AjS(4): POKE B.S(8) : REM INITIALIZE TANK LOCATIONS
120 POKE CfAA: P=PEEK(C): IF P<NOOP THEN F=2: GOTO 1000
130 POKE CfBB! P=PEEK(C): IF P<NO0P THEN F=3: GOTO 1000
140 GOTO 120: REM LOOP WAITS FOR JOYSTICK MOVEMENT
200 DATA 190. 158. 222. 204. 233. 230. 244. 182
210 DATA -32. -31. +01. +33, +32. +31. -01.
220 DATA 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254.
990 REM MOVEMENT SUBROUTINE STARTS ON 1000
1000 IF P<FIRE THEN GOSUB 2000
1005 IF P'NOOP THEN GOTO1050
1010 FOR X=l TO 8

1020 IF K(X)=P THEN MOVE=M(X): SYMBOL=S(X):
1025 NEXT X

1030 IF F=2 THEN POKE A. BLANK: A=A+MOVE! POKEA . SYMBOL : REM CLASSIC MOV

1040 IF F=3 THEN POKE B, BLANK: B=B+MOVE! POKE B. SYMBOL: REM MOVE B

1045 FOR X=l TO DELAY: 2=2: NEXT X

1050 ON F GOTO 1000.130.120: REM LOOPS BACK TO JOYSTICK DET LINES

1990 REM FIRE DECODE SUBROUTINE STARTS ON 2000

2000 REM FIRE DECODE SUBROUTINE

2005 IF F=2 THEN SYMBOL=PEEK < A ) : L=A: REM GUN NEEDS TO KNOW WAY TANK F

2010 IF F=3 THEN SYMBOL=PEEK (B) ! L=B: REM WAY TANK B FACES

2020 FOR X=l TO 8

2030 IF S(X)='SYMBOL THEN W = X: L = L+M(W): X=8

2035 NEXT X

2040 FOR U=l TO 10*RND<X): REM MOVE SHELL. JUST EFFECTS NO ATTEMPT TO

2050 POKE L. SHELL: V=l: POKE L. BLANK: L=L+M(H)

2040 NEXT U

2070 FOR U=l TO 10

2080 POKE L.INT(100*RND(X) ) : REM A LITTLE EXPLOSION AT END OF SHELL FL

2090 NEXT U

2100 POKE L. BLANK: REM CLEANS UP LAST OF EXPLOSION

2110 P=P+FIRE

2120 RETURN

-33
255

X=8: REM SETS UP FOR MOVE

line in the FIRE subroutine adds 127
back to P, taking out the effect of FIRE
before turning control over to the
MOVE loop. This halves the time of
the loop and the size of the joystick
decode table, as only eight values are
needed for two joysticks. This still
allows the players to move while firing.
There is one disadvantage with the
technique used in this joystick mod.
When two players are playing and both
players are moving their joysticks at
the same time, there are combinations
where there can be feedback through
the joystick switches. With the key-
board polling routine that OSI uses, one
data line at a time is set on the LS75
latches, U2 andUS (see figure 1). When

one latch (these are inverting latches) is
set it pulls down the line to one of the
rows of keys on the keyboard. If any
key in that row is pushed, its position
will be read by the LSI 25 bus drivers.
This is why a PEEK to the keyboard ad-
dress will return the value of 255 (all
ones) when no keys are pushed. When
only one of the LS75 latch stages is
energized, then only one row is set for
decode.

Pushing a key in any other row will
not produce any output on the data bus .
This is why selecting one joystick to
row 1 and the other to row 7 will allow
one joystick to be decoded indepen-
dently of the other, even though they
are connected to the same columns.

10

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

Table 1

Joystick

Value

Movement

Position

ofP

Value

Not FIRING

Current

and:

Position plus

Up

190

-32

Up/Right

158

-31

Right

222

+ 01

Down/ Right

206

+ 33

Down

238

+ 32

Down/ Left

230

+ 31

Left

246

-01

Left/Up

182

-33

FIRING and;

No movement

127

+ 00

Up

063

-32

Up/Right

031

-31

Right

095

+ 01

Down/Right

,079

+ 33

Down

111

+ 32

Down/ Left

103

+ 31

Left

119

-01

Left/Up

055

-33

When the computer wants to check joy-
stick 1 for movement, a 128 is POKEd
into the keyboard address (polling must
be suppressed at this time by the POKE
530,1 having already been executed)
and only a key closure in row 1 will

produce an output on the data bus. It is
connected to the only low latch; all the
rest are high. As long as 128 has been
POKEd to the keyboard address, only a
movement of joystick 1 can be read. If
joystick 1 is not being moved, then no
movement of joystick 2 will produce
any output on the data bus. The same
thing happens when the computer
wants to read joystick 2; a 2 is POKEd
to the keyboard address, which allows
only the keys in row 7 to be active. No
other keys will produce any output on
the data bus. The only problem occurs
when both joysticks are being moved at
the same time. The worse case is when
one is moving and firing and the other
is only firing. The low set by the latch
will feed through the two fire switches
and be read as a movement by the bus
driver when only a fire was intended.
This can really destroy a game. Putting
another isolating diode in any of the
joystick lines doesn't help, as the
LS125's are too sensitive. They see the
forward voltage drop of the two diodes
in series (one of the diodes Dl through
D8 with any additional isolating
diode), which causes the LSI 25 to
always stay high. No key closures are
detected. A pull-down resistor to a
negative supply in conjunction with

the isolating diode would be a solution.
Another solution is a hearing aid
battery in series with the joystick's
isolating diode. Or you could just give
up the option of moving while firing. I
use a software solution which, while
not perfect, has yet to produce any ob-
jectional performance in any of the
games I am running. Move the orange
wire on joystick 1 from pin 9 to pin 4
and make the following software
changes: define a new variable in demo
program line 70 like FO = 251, and
rewrite line 1000 as 1000 IF FIRE < P
OR (P AND FO) THEN GOSUB 2000.
This way the FIRE push buttons are
connected to separate columns and
can't feed back through each other's
switches. Movements are now only
slightly affected. If one joystick is do-
ing Up/Right and the other is doing Up,
then both will do Up/Right. But if one
is doing Up/Right and the other is
doing Up/Left or anything besides pure
Up, then both will move their separate
ways. In an actual game, this fix is
sufficient.

You may contact Mr. Ennls at 212 20 St.,
Niceville, FL 32578.

IMCftO

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authors of MINOS, NIGHT RIDER, etc.,

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No, 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

11

The 68000

DREAM MACHINE

WE (SORT OF) LIED:

Motorola has been promoting its advanced microprocessor
chip as a vehicle for large, complex systems exclusively.
Now, the 68000 does work well as the heart of big, complex
systems. But their promotional literature implies that one
can only build big, complex systems with the 68000, and that
is dead wrong (in our opinion). Nevertheless, the public
(that's you!) perception of the 68000 follows Motorola's line:
Big systems. Complex systems.

Our boards are not complex and not necessarily big (starting
at 4K). Our newsletter is subtitled "The Journal of Simple
68000 Systems." But since the public has become condi-
tioned to the 68000 as a vehicle for FORTRAN, UNIX, LISP,
PASCAL and SMALLTALK people naturally expect all these
with our $595 (starting price) simple attached processor.
Wrong!

We wrote our last ad to understate the software we have
available because we wanted to get rid of all those guys who
want to run (multi-user, multi-tasking) UNIX on their Apple II
and two floppy disks. Running UNIX using two 143K floppies
is, well, absurd. The utilities alone require more than 5
megabytes of hard disk.

HERE'S THE TRUTH:

We do have some very useful 68000 utility programs. One of
these will provide, in conjunction with a suitable BASIC com-
piler such as PETSFEED (Pet/CBIvl) or TASC (Apple II), a five
to twelve times speedup of your BASIC program. If you have
read a serious compiler review, you will have learned that
compilers cannot speed up floating point operations
(especially transcendentals). Our board, and the utility soft-
ware we provide, does speed up those operations.

Add this line in front of an Applesoft program:

5 PRINT CHR$(4);"BLOADUTIL4,A$8600":SYS38383

That's all it takes to link our board into Applesoft (assuming
you have Applesoft loaded into a 16K RAM card). Now run
your program as is for faster number-crunching or compile it
to add the benefit of faster "interpretation". Operation with
the Pet/CBM is similar.

68000 SOURCE CODE:

For Apple II users only, we provide a nearly full disk of un-
protected 68000 source code. To use it you will have to have
DOS toolkit ($75) and ASSEM68K ($95), both available from
third parties. Here's what you get:

1) 68000 source code for our Microsoft compatible floating
point package, including LOG, EXP, SQR, SIN, COS, TAN,
ATN along with the basic four functions. The code is set up to
work either linked into BASIC or with our developmental
HALGOL language. 85 sectors.

2) 68000 source code for the PROM monitor. 35 sectors.

3) 68000 source code for a very high speed interactive 3-D
graphics demo. 115 sectors.

4) 68000 source code for the HALGOL threaded interpreter.
Works with the 68000 floating point package. 56 sectors.

5) 6502 source code for the utilities to link into the BASIC
floating point routines and utility and debug code to link into
the 68000 PROM monitor. 113 sectors.

The above routines almost fill a standard Apple DOS 3.3 flop-
py. We provide a second disk (very nearly filled) with various
utility and demonstration programs.

SWIFTUS MAXIMUS:

Our last advertisement implied that we sold 8MHz boards to
hackers and 12.5MHz boards to businesses. That was sort of
true because when that ad was written the 12.5MHz 68000
was a very expensive part (list $332 ea). Motorola has now
dropped the price to $1 1 1 and we have adjusted our prices ac-
cordingly. So now even hackers can afford a 12.5MHz 68000
board. With, we remind you, absolutely zero wait states.

'Swiftus maximus'? Do you know of any other
microprocessor based product that can do a 32 bit add in 0.48
microseconds?

AN EDUCATIONAL BOARD?

If you want to learn how to program the 68000 at the
assembly language level there is no better way than to have
one disk full of demonstration programs and another disk full
of machine readable (and user-modifiable) 68000 source
code.

Those other 'educational boards' have 4MHz clock signals
(even the one promoted as having a 6MHz CPU, honest!) so
we'll call them slow learners. They do not come with any
significant amount of demo or utility software. And they com-
municate with the host computer via RS 232, 9600 baud max.
That's IK byte/sec. Our board communicates over a parallel
port with hardware AND software handshake, at 71 K
bytes/sec! We'll call those other boards handicapped
learners.

Our board is definitely not for everyone. But some people find
it very, very useful. Which group do you fit into?

DIGITAL ACOUSTICS

1415 E. McFadden, Ste. F

Santa Ana, CA 92705

(714) 835-4884

Apple, Applesoft and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computer Company. Pel is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines. -

12

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

An MC68000 Overview, Part 2

by Joe Jelemensky and Tom Whiteside

This second part of the 68000
overview provides simpie
programming examples to
illustrate programming
techniques and special features
of the MC68000. Part 1 appeared
in MICRO (52:32).

A Simple MC68000 Subroutine to
Compare Two Strings

As a first example of programming the
MC68000, consider the string compari-
son subroutine in figure 1 . This simple
subroutine will return with the Zero
flag set if the first string matches the
second. We will use the convention that
all strings must be terminated with a
zero. Address registers "AO" and "Al"
will be used as pointers to the begin-
ning of the two strings to be compared.

The subroutine documentation
shows the calling sequence for
STRCMP. In the subroutine usage doc-
umentation, the string pointers are in-
itialized using the "MOVEA" (MOVE
Address) instructions. The ".L" suffix
on the MOVEA instructions tells the
assembler that a long address is to be
moved. A ".W" suffix specifies a sign
extended 16-bit word address. In the
MC68000, whenever an instruction has
two operands, the first operand is the
source and the second is the destina-
tion. For the first "MOVEA" instruc-
tion, "FIRST"' is the absolute memory
address to be used as a source for the
long word to be moved to the destina-
tion "AO". Naturally, we can use any
of the other addressing modes to
specify the string location instead of ab-
solute if we choose to.

After the string pointers are in-
itialized, the user does a "JSR" (Jump
to SubRoutine) to the string compare
subroutine followed by a branch based
on the Z flag. The "BEQ.S" is a branch
if equal to zero (string match). The
".S" suffix tells the assembler that the
destination is within the range of an
8-bit signed displacement. An " .L" suf-
fix is used for 16-bit displacements.

The STRCMP subroutine begins
and ends with "MOVEM.L" instruc-
tions to preserve all the registers that
are used. The first "MOVEM" (MOVE
Multiple) instruction moves the 32-bit
contents of "AO" through "Al" and
"DO" to the stack, which is pointed at
by "A7" . The assembler syntax for the
register list on a "MOVEM" instruc-
tion can be in the form "A0/A1/A2/
A3/A4/A5/A6/A7/D0/D1/D2/D3/
D4/D5/D6/D7" or the shortened form
"A0-A7/D0-D7". The "-(A7)" des-

tination means to use the pre-
decrement indirect addressing mode
with the stack pointer "A7". This is
equivalent to pushing the registers onto
the system stack. The MC68000
assembler automatically adjusts the
number to decrement or increment
based on the total size of the operation.
The final "MOVEM" instruction does
just the opposite and loads "AO"
through "Al" and "DO" from the
stack using the post-increment indirect
addressing mode from "A7". This is

Figure 1: MC68000 String Compare

ROUTINE:
PURPOSE:

ASSUMPTIONS:
EXAMPLES:

USAGE:

STRCMP — STRing CoMPare

Compare two strings. If the first string matches the second
string then return with the "Z" bit set. The user points AO at
the start of the first string, and Al at the start of the second.

Strings terminate in a zero.

sample string:

First string

'cattle'
'cat'

'cattle'
'cat'

MOVEA. L FIRST.AO
MOVEA. LSECOND,Al
JSR STRCMP

BEQ.S xxxx

FCC 'this is a
FCB 00

string'

Second string

Zbit

'cattle'
'cattle'
'any string'
'cat'
'fatcat'

1
1
1

match

match

match

no match

no match

POINT AT FIRST STRING
POINT AT SECOND STRING
COMPARE THE STRINGS
BRANCH IF MATCH IS FOUND

STRCMP EQU •

MOVEM.L AO-Al/DO,

LOOP

EQU •

MOVE.B

BEQ.S

CMP.B
BEQ.S

(AO)+,DO
QUIT

DO,(Alj +
LOOP

■ (A7) PRESERVE ALL REGISTERS ON THE STACK

GET THE NEXT CHARACTER IN THE
FIRST STRING. IF AT THE END OF THE
FIRST THEN IT MATCHES!

DOES NEXT CHARACTER IN THE
SECOND MATCH? IF IT MATCHES KEEP
TRYING. OTHERWISE, FALL THROUGH
WITH Z BIT = 0.

QUIT

EQU •

MOVEM.L (A7)+, AO-Al/DO RESTORE THE REGISTERS

RTS AND LEAVE.

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

13

equivalent to pulling the registers off
the system stack.

The actual string compare code is
only four instructions long. The
"MOVE.B" instruction moves the next
character from the first string to "DO"
and bumps the first string pointer to
the next character. If we have reached
the end of the first string then, by our
convention that all strings end in zero,
the Zero flag will be set and the short
branch will be taken. (We found a
match!) Otherwise, the "CMP.B" in-
struction checks to see if the lower byte
in the data register matches the next
character in the second string and
bumps the pointer to the next charac-
ter. If the characters match, the routine
loops back to "LOOP" and tries the
next character. If they do not match
(including the case where we reach the
end of the second string) the code falls
through with the Zero flag cleared.

MC68000 Code for a Pascal Loop

The next example illustrates use of
the MC68000' s powerful DBcc looping
instruction. DBcc is designed to speed
up the "FOR", "WHILE", and "RE-
PEAT UNTIL" loops used so frequently
in high-level languages (HLL). The
DBcc instruction has three parameters:
a terminating condition, a data register,
and a branch displacement. The in-
struction first sees if the terminating
condition has been met, and if so, the
branch specified by the branch offset is
not taken. If the terminating condition
is not met, the specified data register is
decremented. If the result of this decre-
ment is not - 1 then the branch is
taken. Otherwise, the branch falls
through. The "cc" part of the instruc-
tion can be any of the conditions shown
in table 6 (see Part 1, MICRO 52:38).

The following Pascal procedure and
accompanying MC68000 code frag-
ment illustrate how the DBcc instruc-
tion works (figure 2). The "REPEAT
UNTIL" loop will continue until "i"
has counted down to - 1 or "CAT"
equals "RAT". The MC68000 code
uses "DO" for "i" and uses "DBEQ"
to loop until "DO" = - 1 or the
previous comparison sets the Z flag.
The DBcc instruction takes no more
time than a simple branch instruction
when the branch is taken. The equi-
valent code without the DBcc instruc-
tion is obviously much longer.

High-Level Language
Procedure Calls

It is becoming increasingly impor-
tant for processors to be able to handle
subroutines efficiently as programs be-
come more modular. This is true both

Figure 2: Example use of the DBcc (test condition Decrement and Branch) Instruction.

PROCEDURE typical;
CONST maxcnt = 10000;

VAR i, cat, rat: integer;
BEGIN

i: = maxcnt;
REPEAT

i: = i- 1;

UNTIL (i < 0) OR (cat = rat);
END; { typical }

MOVE #MAXCNT- 1,D0
LOOP EQU *

INITIALIZE LOOP COUNTER

MOVE.W CAT,D1
CMP.W RAT,D1
DBEQ.S D0,LOOP

+

GET CURRENT VALUE OF "CAT"
SEE IF "CAT" IS EQUAL TO "RAT"
DECREMENT "I" AND LOOP UNTIL "I" =
- I OR "CAT" EQUALS "RAT"

Figure 3: Example Pascal Procedure Call

PROCEDURE dojunk(VAR a,b:INTEGERi c,d:INTEGER);

VAR i,j,k:INTEGER;

BEGIN

END;

• SET UP FOR PROCEDURE CALL

*

INIT POINTERS TO VARIABLE PARAMETERS

PEA A
PEA B

PUSH POINTER TO VAiUABLE "A"
PUSH POINTER TO VAiUABLE "B"

MAKE COPY OF VALUE PARAMETERS ON THE STACK

*

MOVE.W C, -(A7]
MOVE.W D, - (A7)

PUSH COPY OF "C"
PUSH COPY OF "D"

• CALL PROCEDURE

*

ISR DOJUNK

*

CALL THE PROCEDURE

* CLEAN UP STACK AFTER PROCEDURE AND RESTORE REGISTERS

ADDQ #6,A7

REMOVE PARAMETER LIST FROM STACK

DOJUNK EQU •

LINK A0,#-3

MAKE ROOM ON STACK FOR LOCAL
VARIABLES

UNLK AO
RTS

CLEAR OFF STACK AND RESTORE AO
BEFORE LEAVING

14

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

at the assembly-language level and for
implementing modem HLLs. Figure 3
shows a typical Pascal procedure and
how the procedure call might be im-
plemented in MC68000 code.

Procedure "dojunk" is a typical
Pascal procedure with variable para-
meters "a" and "b" and value para-
meters "c" and "d". For those un-
familiar with Pascal, a value parameter
is a copy of a variable passed to a pro-
cedure. This copy can be modified by
the procedure but the changes are not
passed back to the calling procedure
when the procedure exits. Variable
parameters, unlike value parameters
are passed back to the calling procedure
as pointers to the variables. Value
parameters are copies of the variables.
The MC68000 code for calling pro-
cedure dojunk begins by initializing the
stack with the procedure parameters.
The two "PEA" instructions push the
pointers to variables "A" and "B".The
two "MOVE" instructions push copies
of variables "C" and "D" on the stack.
The procedure is then called with the
JSR instruction.' When the procedure
returns to the calling routine, the space
made on the stack for the parameters is
removed with the ADDQ instruction.

When procedure dojunk (figure 4] is

Figure 4: Stack Usage for Pascal Procedure Call Example

"At [31. .167

AO

A7

A-f [15..00]
Bt[31..161
_Bf [15..00[
"C[15..00r
D[15..00]
RTNLINK[31..161
RTN LINK [15. .00]
rA0[31..16] OLD
|_A0[15..00] OLD
I[15..00]'
J[15..00|
K[15..00]

VARIABLE PARAMETER POINTERS

. VALUE PARAMETERS

POINTER TO LOCAL VARIABLES

LOCAL VARIABLE STORAGE

called, the LINK instruction provides a
clean way to make room for local vari-
ables ("i", "j", "k"). The LINK in-
struction pushes the old value of "AO"
on the stack, sets "AO" equal to the
stack pointer, and subtracts the offset
[in this case three words) from the
stack pointer. With this technique,

local variables are referenced with
negative offsets off "AO" and
parameters are referenced with positive
offsets. This technique of using the
stack supports re-entrant code and
recursion with no problems. Before do-
junk exits, it uses UNLK to clear off the
local variable space it used.

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NO. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

15

Range Checking Using the
MC68000

The MC68000 "CHK" instruction
provides an efficient mechanism to in-
sure that array bounds are not exceeded
in high-level language implementa-
tions. As an example of range checking
with CHK, consider the problem of en-
forcing array boundary checking in a
simple Pascal program. Figure 5 shows
the stack usage for a simple variable
declaration using the same scheme
described in the "Procedure Call" ex-
ample. The individual elements of the
array "data" will be accessed by index-
ing off the pointer "AO". The range
checking's duty is to insure that we do
not attempt to access an element of
"data' ' before its true beginning or after
element "MAX". The consequences of
exceeding the array bounds range from
inadvertently modifying another vari-
able (such as "i", "]" , or "misc") to
stepping on a subroutine return link!
Figure 6 shows a simple Pascal state-
ment to clear the "ith" element of
"data" and the MC68000 code to ac-
complish it with the necessary range
check. The code assumes that register
"DO" contains the current state of "i".
The CHK instruction examines the
lower word in the specified register
("DO") and generates an error trap if it
is less than or greater than "MAX".
Otherwise, the code falls through to
the MOVE instruction that clears the
"ith" element of "data".

Conclusion

We hope this article has given you
some insight into the extensive power
of the MC68000. The 16-bit data bus,
the 16 megabytes of directly address-
able memory, the sixteen 32-bit user-
accessible registers, the powerful in-
struction set, numerous addressing
modes, and fast execution speed are
enough to really get folks excited.

Future Growth

The MC68000 is not the only
member of this powerful microproces-
sor family. Motorola is taking advan-
tage of its modular, microprogrammed
structure to develop other processors
which are upward and downward com-
patible to the MC68GGG.

The MC68G08 is a machine and
assembly level-compatible version of
the MC68000 with an 8-bit data and
20-bit address bus for low-cost systems
that need the performance of the
MC68000 and can tolerate a slight
decrease in throughput for reduced
system costs.

With the MC68G1G, Motorola adds
virtual machine capabilities to the

Figure 5: Array Storage on the Stack for the Range Checking Example

{ sample variable declaration

Vari,j
data
misc.

AO

mtegei;

array [0.. MAX] of integer;

integer;

_A0[31..16] OLD
A0[15..00l OLD

stuff before data array
{ stuff after data array

■ data|0]
data|l]

data[MAX]

Displacement to "data" array

Space for "data" array

Stack area beyond the "data" array

Figure 6: Example of Range Checking Using the IVIC68000

{ Pascal statement to clear the "ith" element of "data" }
data[i]: =0; { note: i < or i > MAX is a range error!!! }

MC68000 CODE TO EXECUTE THE ABOVE STATEMENT

ASSUME DO CONTAINS THE CURRENT CONTENTS OF "i"
GENERATE A TRAP IF "i" < OR IF "i" > MAX
CHK #MAX,DO

HERE IF NO RANGE ERROR OCCURRED
MOVE.W #0,DISP|AO,DO) CLEAR THE "iTH" ELEMENT OF DATA

MC68GG0 architecture.

A full 32-bit implementation (32-bit
address and data buses) of the architec-
ture with an enhanced instruction set
and on-board cache is in design. The
part will be designated the MC68G2G
and will contain all of the additional
feattires of the MC68G10.

A full complement of peripherals
for the MC68000 family have been in-
troduced or are in development. These
include a Direct Memory Access con-
troller (MC68440), a Memory Manage-
ment Unit (MC68451), a Floating Point
Arithmetic Co-processor (MC68881),

and several data communication parts.
Because of this commitment to the
continuation and e:[ihancement of the
MC68GGG family, systems and soft-
ware for the MC680GG are insured a
long useful life.

References

1. "16-Bit Microprocessor User's
Manual," Motorola Inc., 1982.

2. "Motorola Resident Structured
Assembler Manual," Motorola Inc.,
1982.

JMCftO

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

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Data sheet - $3.95. NOTE: Owners of OSI,
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All adventures are $14.95 on tape except
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VIC-20

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

A Monitor for
the Color Computer

by Ralph Tenny

This article provides step-by-
step instructions to get
composite video from the video
section of the Color Computer.
You will use this signal to drive
a standard video monitor
instead of a color or black-and-
white TV set.

Required:

TRS-80 Color Computer
A monitor-quality CRT

The Radio Shack Color Computer, an
excellent low-cost computer, uses a
color TV set as the intended display
device. Unfortunately, TV sets have
relatively low resolution, which limits
the clarity of the display. The use of a
TV set can be either good or bad, de-
pending on whether color graphics are
used in your program. Since I use it as a
text processing system, I need a video
terminal with maximum display clari-
ty. Even the relatively low character
density of the Color Computer's video
output isn't very clear on the average
TV set — either color or B&W. The
signal itself is of high technical quality,
and a higher-resolution display can
make a great improvement in the read-
ability of the display. If a B&.W monitor
is substituted for the TV set, this goal is
achieved. As you can see from photo 1,
my video monitor (which is not a
super-high resolution unit) gives an ex-
cellent display capability when used
with the Color Computer.

Since the remainder of the article
describes a process of modifying the
Color Computer, you should realize
that any internal modifications will
probably void the warranty. If the com-
puter is more than three months old,
the warranty will have expired. If you
modify the computer and it needs
repair, you may have to remove the
modification before Radio Shack will
repair it. I have not had any problems in

over a year, and I still feel comfortable
with my decision.

The Color Computer's video output
is a complete TV signal and is gener-
ated by a very low-power TV trans-
mitter mounted within the Color Com-
puter. Part of the display problem is the
fact that the TV tuner is deliberately

10 MAff TflPTST

15 DPT SO

20 ORG S7000

£5 ♦ THIS PROGRftH HRITE-S d FftTTE
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Id STOPPING DH ERRORS.

i35 ♦ THE WRITE FtfMGTIOH IS (*tt EH
(W.ESS LOOP, AND «OST BE STOPPEB

iiSim RESET,!

Photo 1: A close-up look at a Color
Computer display on a video monitor.
Note that each pixel is a sharply-
defined square.

limited, therefore the signal must also
be limited. Even if the tuner is by-
passed, the TV's display resolution is
reduced as a cost-saving measure, since
high resolution is not required for nor-
mal TV viewing.

The Color Computer uses an
MC6847 Video Display Generator to
produce all the signals required to drive
a TV set; these include composite sync,
blanking, video luminance, and color
information. The basic approach is to
use a buffer amplifier to process the
output of the MC6847, enabling the
signal to be fed directly to a video
monitor. Figure 1 shows the schematic
of this buffer amplifier; it was patterned
after circuitry suggested by Motorola,
the manufacturer of the 6847. This
amplifier was built on thin, two-sided,
copper-clad board with one side etched
into small pads. Figure 2 is a full-size
layout of the amplifier board, and figure
3 shows the parts layout.

Access to the Color Computer is
easy and requires only that you take
out seven screws to remove the top.
Note that one screw is located beneath
a factory seal. If you remove this screw

+ 5V

SIGNAL IN -t-|(.

VIDEO

SHIELD

COMMON -ir

Figure 1: Schematic for the video buffer amplifier, which mounts internal to the
computer. It amplifies the video output of the 6847 and turns It into a low-
impedence signal suitable for driving a cable to the external monitor.

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

19

'T'Ci'*

ftuy.

TV

~mi%4^

«• %«*•-■ I

Figure 2: Full-size layout of the
amplifier board. Make tfie board by
etching the lines shown to divide the
board into eight segments as shown.

%%%%>'*^'^>^^^'*'*^^**>!T/r

;//wvJii

Pfioto 2: interior view of the area where the amplifier will be mounted. The long IC Is
the MC6847, which will be covered by the buffer amplifier as shown In photo 3.

Pfioto 3: A view of the buffer amplifier mounted, with the output cable attached.

Pfioto 4: Oscillogram of the output video
showing one video frame.

20

Photo 5: An oscillogram of three lines of
horizontal video.

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

you will deface the seal, which voids
your warranty.

Once you loosen the screws, put a
piece of tape over each hole so the
screws will not fall out when you turn
the computer upright. With the screws
loosened, the top will lift off, leaving
the keyboard resting on standoffs and
revealing the inner RF shield.

Note that the top of the shield is a
friction fit to the shield sides via
numerous spring-loaded fingers. Work
the shield top off by lifting it a little bit
all around; keep lifting until it lifts
straight off. Once you can see inside,
find the MC6847 and MC1372 ICs as
shown in photo 2. Also, in photo 2, you
will note a solid ground wire curving up
over the 6847, plus a heavy wire com-
ing from one side of C26 and smaller
wire coming off the circuit board be-
tween C42 and the 1372. The solid
wire is circuit common, the large wire
is -(- 5 volts, and the small wire is the
signal input to the buffer board. Photo 3
shows the video buffer installed,
resting on the 6847. The large wire has
been soldered to the -i- 5 volt input of
the buffer board, the ground wire to the
amplifier common, and the small wire
to the amplifier input. A small
183-ohm cable has its shield soldered
to the amplifier common and the
center conductor to the amplifier out-
put. The other end of the 183-ohm
cable runs across to the comer of the RF
shield (the top left corner of the shield
as seen from the front of the computer) .

Parts List for

Video Buffer Amplifier Circuit

C3 68 pF dipped mylar

capacitor
Rl 33K ohm, !4-watt resistor

R2 62K ohm, i4-watt carbon

resistor
R3 5. IK ohm, W-watt carbon

resistor
R4, R5, R6 51 ohm, !4-watt carbon

resistor
Ql, Q2 2N2222 NPN transistors

No. 54 - November 1982

'

COMMON

SHIELD

VIDEO

SIGNAL

+ 5V

Figure 3: Parts layout for the amplifier board. Each part is soldered Into place In
the approximate location sketched.

Once the amplifier is in place, ttim on
the computer and check the video out-
put from the cable. Photo 4 shows one
vertical frame of video, and photo 5
shows three horizontal lines of video. If
your amplifier does not have similar
output, double-check the circuit and
adjust C2 until the response is correct.
After testing the amplifier, send its
output into a video monitor and make
whatever level adjustments are needed

to obtain a good picture. Once the
monitor is working, re-install the com-
puter cover and enjoy your computer's
new display.

You may contact the author at P.O. Box
545, Richardson, Texas 75080.

JMCftO

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No. 54- November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

21

FOR COMPLETE GRAPHICS:

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EDUCATION

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22

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

FLEX and the TRS-80
Color Computer

by Ronald W. Anderson

Here is a brief description of the
FLEX09 operating system as
implemented on the TRS-80
Color Computer.

The configToration described here is
available from Frank Hogg Laboratories
(130 Midtown Plaza, Syracuse, NY
13210J with 64K or RAM installed
($1275), as well as an assortment of
disk drive packages. If you already have
a TRS-80, then Frank Hogg Labora-
tories sells the operating system and
modification instructions separately
($99). While it is possible to run the
FLEX operating system with one disk
drive, two are recommended. You may
choose from a minimum package of
one single-sided, double-density,
35-track drive, or up to three double-
sided, double-density, 40-track drives.
The latter will hold up to 375K of data
on each drive. You may also use one of
the 80-track, double-density drives and
have over 700K bytes on one disk,
although the 80-track version is not
compatible with Radio Shack's disk
operating system.

FLEX is the standard operating
system for 6800 and 6809 systems.
FLEX is so universal that there are ver-
sions that will run on the Motorola Ex-
orciser. FLEX is a "Unix-like"
operating system and has a nice set of
calls that do all the work to interface
your assembler program to the disk
drivers. There are literally 100 utility
programs available for FLEX.

The manual that comes with the
operating system is basically the FLEX
operating system manual with addi-
tional pages that apply to the Color
Computer. There is a well-written sec-
tion on getting your system up and run-
ning. First you configure the software
to match your hardware. The system
boots up expecting 35-track, sLngle-
sided drives. To access more tracks or
double-sided drives, you must run a
utility program that will tell the

system you have 40 tracks and double-
sided drives, for example. Your drives
need not all be alike. You may specify
drive as being single-sided and having
35 tracks, and drive 1 as being double-
sided and having 40 tracks. Although
this might seem like a nuisance, you
only need to run the utility program
once. This generates a command file
that is appended to FLEX containing in-
formation on your drives, the terminal,
and drivers for your printer.

I did a bit of experimenting with the
SETUP command that does all the con-
figuring, and discovered I could specify
"reverse video," which is really "nor-
mal video' ' to anyone who has worked
in front of a terminal for any time. I
find a blinking cursor to be distracting,
so I made it a plain block cursor. Now
my system will power up just the way I
want it.

Another feature is the keyboard's
ability to provide all the ASCII codes.
The control codes, such as Control C,
are generated by holding the shift and
up arrow simultaneously (equivalent of
the control key on a terminal), and
then pressing the desired key, C for ex-
ample. If you ever program in Pascal
and/or "C", you will need several
characters that are not included on the
Color Computer keyboard.

Without going into detail, I will
give an example of the key assignments
and how to access them. You may
remember that upper case (SHIFT) 8 is
a left parenthesis "(", and SHIFT 9 is a
right parenthesis ")". Use the CON-
TROL combination (SHIFT A ) and
type 8 and you get a left square bracket
"[". SHIFT A 9 and you get a right
square bracket "]". "C" requires the
use of curly braces. SHIFT A BREAK 8
will cause a left brace "{" to be
generated, and the same combination
for a 9 will generate a right curly brace
"}". The control and shift keys are
depressed first, and are all held
simultaneously before keying the 8 or

9. Holding three keys down and typing
a fourth is not easy, but it's better than
not being able to generate the code for
those characters.

Sometimes disk drives run slightly
fast, or irregularly, and squeezing the
sectors close enough to get 18 on a
track results in unreliable disk access.
There is a NEWDISK utility that will
automatically reduce the number of
sectors to 17 if it encounters problems.
Another NEWDISKA utility will put 18
sectors on closer together. I have had
no trouble using NEWDISKA. A sector
in the FLEX system is 256 bytes long,
but four bytes are used for system pur-
poses, so a sector actually holds 252
bytes of data. A single-sided, 35-track
disk will hold 612 sectors (using
NEWDISKA). If your drive has 40-track
capability, you will get 702. A double-
sided 40-track will result in 1404. If
these numbers don't seem to add up
correctly, it is because FLEX uses the
first track (track 0) for a loader, disk
system information record, and file
directory sectors. Also, FLEX requires
that track always be single density.
Therefore, the tracks actually available
to the user are one less than the total
number on the disk.

Once FLEX is running, make
another copy of the system disk. Use
NEWDISK or NEWDISKA to format a
blank disk, and then use a utility called
PUTBOOT.LDR to install the loader
on the disk. The loader is readable by
the Color Computer disk operating
system. It loads a short program that
loads and executes a longer loader pro-
gram that loads all of the FLEX
operating system. It sounds com-
plicated but only takes a few seconds to
execute. You must put the boot loader
on your disk first. If you have copied
any files onto the newly formatted
disk, there is a chance that the system
may have allocated you space where
the boot loader needs to be. PUTBOOT
will inform you that you can only in-

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

23

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Stall the loader on a newly formatted
disk, and quit.

After installing the loader, you may
copy everything from the system disk
to your new system disk except the
loader installation utility PUT-
BOOT. LDR. An attempt to copy it will
get you a DISK SPACE FULL error and a
lot of garbage on your disk. If you try to
GET PUTBOOT.LDR (for those of you
not familiar with FLEX, GET is a utility
that reads a disk file to memory but
doesn't execute it), you will find that it
tries to execute, finds that you haven't
specified a drive number, and erases
itself from memory before returning to
FLEX. Unless you enjoy "puzzles" and
are quite familiar with FLEX and the for-
mat of binary files, you will have to use
your master disk to make all further
system disks.

Having copied all the supplied files
to your system disk, you must run one
further utility, called LINK. LINK will
tell the boot loader just where on the
disk the file FLEX. SYS is located. My
advice is to make two system disks, and
hide the master and one of them in a
safe place where they won't get hot,
bent, or damaged by a magnet. When
you wipe out your working system disk
you can get the backup and generate
another backup for the safe storage area.

The video display looks like a ter-
minal. Most terminals accept control
codes to do such things as clear the
screen, position the cursor for the next
letter to be output, etc. A set of such
codes has been provided. You can con-
trol the display without getting into the
assembler-level CRT driver code. That
will make it easier for software suppliers
to write compatible software for the
Color Computer.

The Color Computer format is 16
lines of 32 characters each, and the
character generator displays lower case
in reverse video, which is barely usable.
Software will soon be available to allow
use of any standard ASCn RS-232 ter-
minal on the serial port of the Color
Computer. I have a preliminary version
of the software which will eliminate the
display problem completely, but I im-
agine that many purchasers will want to
use a TV set and the supplied keyboard
for some time, before investing in a ter-
minal. The enhanced display software
will therefore be welcome.

A SDC (single disk copy] utility
allows copying with a single drive. It
reads files from the source disk until
memory is full or it has read all the files
to be copied, then it prompts you to in-
sert the destination disk for a write cy-
cle, etc., until the copy is complete.
LINK and PUTBOOT.LDR both prompt
you, and therefore give an opportunity
to change disks so these operations may

be performed with a single disk drive
also.

The HELP utility and file help you
find or remember FLEX commands. If,
for example, you type HELP,NEWDISK
you will get a brief description of what
the NEWDISK utility does, and a
reference to a page in the manual.

If you have a serial printer, you will
have no trouble configuring the system
so you can use it effectively. A parallel
printer will require a serial adaptor of
some sort. Epson provides one for their
printers, and Computerware of En-
cinitas, CA, offers one for about $60.

Of course you can run Radio Shack
Extended Disk BASIC, which comes in
the Color Computer in ROM. The RS
disk operating system is well thought
out. Both Random Access and Sequen-
tial files are implemented. Since the
Color Computer comes up running the
BASIC from ROM, you might wonder
where the operating system is. Actually,
it is part of BASIC. While nmning
BASIC you may DIR a disk (prints the
directory of a RS disk). You may copy
or back up a disk, load and save pro-
grams (either BASIC or machine lan-
guage), and still in BASIC, you may
read or write any sector on the disk by
specifying the track and sector number,
and the ID of two string variables. The
first 128 bytes of the sector is read
to/written from the first named string
variable, and the last 128 bytes to/from
the second. That means you can write
your own disk system and have fast ac-
cess! Naturally, the RS BASIC has all
the color graphics commands and
sound commands, so you can write
game programs and/or use graphics.

The Color Computer is a good buy
for anyone wanting to get into this ex-
pensive hobby with a small invest-
ment. If you have the minimum
system from RS, which is very inexpen-
sive, you can first have RS upgrade your
Color Computer to 32K, and then do
the very simple modification to 64K.
From that point, you are off into the
world of FLEX, with at least five Pascal
compilers, three or four BASIC inter-
preters, several versions of "C", For-
tran, Cobol, a couple versions of
FORTH, three editors, a good text pro-
cessor, several assemblers, an excellent
debugger program for assembler pro-
grams, and much more.

Mr. Anderson is vice president in charge of
engineering for Industrial Computer
Controls Corp. in Ann Arbor, MI. You
may contact him at 3540 Sturbridge Ct.,
Ann Arbor, MI 48105.

JMCftO

24

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

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No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

25

68000
Binary Arithmetic Operations

by Joe Hootman

A short discussion of tlie
various instructions for binary
aritlimetic including addressing
and sign information.

The most extensive list of instructions,
and some of the most frequently used,
are the Binary Arithmetic Operations
(table 1). Most of the binary operations
are straightforward however, there are
several instructions unique to the
68000.

The binary operations usually do
not apply to operations on the address
registers. However, in the binary arith-
metic instruction implementation of
the 68000, there are several instruc-
tions such as ADDA, CMPA, and
SUBA that are designed for operation
on the address register. The operations
on the address register allow special ad-
dressing operations to be carried out
and, more importantly, allow the com-
parison of the magnitude of the address
register without using the CHK in-
struction. Clearly the address registers
can be used as data registers or index
registers. Three instructions deal with
sign extension: ADDX, EXT, and
NEGX. All of the sign extension in-
structions sense the sign bit of the
operation and the sign is extended
through the length of the word.

When arithmetic instructions are
considered, the implementation of the
signed multiply and divide and the un-
signed multiply and divide must be
considered a most worthwhile and
powerful addition to the instruction
set. The signed and unsigned multiply
and divide instructions are all 16-bit in-
structions. The data to be operated on
is a word in length; the result of the
operation is 32 bits long (long word).
The interpretation of the 32 bits
depends on the particular instruction.
For example, if DO contains $8055, Dl
contains $0002, and MULS Dl, DO is
executed, the result [$FFFFOOAA) will

be left in data register DO. Since the
most significant bit of the word is set,
this indicates that the result is negative
and the N bit is set in the CCR. If DO
contains $8055, Dl contains $0002,
and MULU Dl, DO is executed, then
the result ($000100AA) will be in DO.
The signed and unsigned divide
have characteristics similar to the
multiply instructions. If division by
zero is attempted, a trap will occur and
overflow is indicated by the state of the
V bit in the CCR. If Z is set then the

quotient is zero. The N bit follows the
most significant bit of the result. In
both the signed and unsigned divide the
quotient is the lower 16 bits of the
destination register and the upper 16
bits is the remainder. The sign is
reflected by the most significant bit of
the result.

The TST instruction subtracts the
designated data from zero and the ap-
propriate bits set in the CCR. This in-
struction testing of byte, word, and
long word data is reflected in the CCR.

Table 1: Binary Arithmetic Operations

'The addressing modes will be covered in future issues.

Mnemonic Data Size/CCR Function Comments

ADD

8, 16, .^2

COR

XNZVC

Add Binary

This operation add.s the binary data dcsij^natcd
by [he source to the data designated by the
destination and leaves the result in the
destination. If the effective address is a source
then all addre.s.sing modes can be used.
Opword Formal
15 14 1.3 12 11 in y 8 7 6 5 4 .3 2 1 I)

110 1

RcKisier Op Mode infective Address
Mode . Re);istcr

Register — Any of the ciRht data rcRisters

C5p Mode

Hyte Word Long Word Operation

000 001 010 Dn 4 EA-* Un

100 101 lU) hA * nn-» EA

The source can have all the addres.s modes except
13, 14.*

The destination can have all the address modes
except 1, 2, 10, 11, 12, n, 14.'

ADDA

16, 32

CCR

XNZVC

Add Address This instruction adds the source data to the
designated address register and leaves the
result in the address register.

IS 14 1,3 12 11 10 y 8

6 5 4 3 2 10

110 1

Register

Op .Mode Kffectiye Address
I IVIode . Kcgister

The register field can he any of the 8 addre.ss
registers. This is always the destmation.

Op Mode

Oil - Word operaiinn the sign will be extended
to all 32 bits of the address register.

1 1 1 - Long operation

All addressing modes arc allowed except H, 14 "

(continued)

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

27

Mnemonic Data Slze/CCR Function

Comments

ADDI

8, 16, 32
CCR
XNZ VC

Add This instruction adds immediate data to the

Immediate destination data and leaves the result in the
destination.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

7 6

5 4 3 2 10

110

Size

Effective Address
Mode Register

Word data (16 bits) Byte data (8 bits)

Long word (32 bits, including previous word)

Size field: 00 - Byte
01 - Word
10 - Long word

All addressing modes except 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
can be used as a destination.*

ADDQ

8, 16, 32

Add

CCR

Quick

XNZ VC

« * « * «

This instruction allows the binary addition of
any data from 1 to 3.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 1

Data

Size

Effective Address
Mode Register

The data field can contain any integer from 1 to 7.
Size field: 00 - Byte

01 - Word

10 - Long word

All addressing modes except 10, 11, 12, 13, and
14 can be used as a destination.*

ADDX

8, 16, 32

Add

CCR

Extended

XNZVC

This instruction adds the source to the
destination and leaves the result in the
destination. The sign bit of the result is
extended to fill the word.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9

8

7 6

5 4

3

2 10

110 1

Register

R#

1

Size

R/N

Register
R#

Destination
Register

Source
Register

Register field R# designates any one of eight
registers.

If R/M = then a data register is specified.
If R/M = 1 then an address register is specified.

Size field: 00 - Byte operation

01 - Word operation

10 - Long word operation

CLR

8, 16, 32

Clear an

This instruction clears the effective address.

CCR

Operand

XNZVC

- 1

15 14 1312 11 10 9 8

7 6 5 4 3 2 10

10 10

Size Effective Address
Mode 1 Register

Size field: 00 - Byte operation
01 - Word operation
10 - Long word operation

The following address modes cannot be used as
destinations: 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.*

MICRObits

Deadline for MICRObits: 20th of sec-
ond month before publication; i.e.,
November 20th for January issue. Send
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Lessons in Algebra

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PET Joystick Interface

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OAI 65D V3.3 Guide

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Buffalo Informational Technologies

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VIC 20 Games — 5 for $10.00

Tape 1: Canon Duel, Breakout,
Runaround, Stockcar, Space Scout.
Tape 2: Target Pistol, Space Duel,
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15 games for $25.00.

Skylight Software

22 Miller St.

Belfast, ME 04915

(Continued on page 30)

28

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

Table 1 (continued)

Mnemonic Data Size/CCR Function

Comments

CMP

8, 16, 32
CCR
XNZ VC

Compare

This opeiation subtracts from the destination
the source; the destination is not changed.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10 11

Register

Op iVIode

Effective Address
Mode I Register

Register field defines the destination data register.

Op Mode field defines the size of the data to be
compared.

000 - Byte

001 - Word
010 - Long word

All but the Quick Immediate and Implied
addressing can be used for an effective address
13, 14.*

CMPA

16', 32
CCR
XNZ VC

Compare This instruction subtracts the effective

Addresses address from the destination and leaves
the destination unchanged.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10 11

Register

Op Mode

Effective Address
Mode I Register

Register field defines the destination address register.

Op Mode field specifies the size of the operand.

Oil - Word operator
1 1 1 - Long word

All effective addressing modes except the implied
mode can be used.

CMPI

8, 16, 32
CCR
XNZ VC

Compare
Immediate

This instruction subtracts the immediate
data from the destination. The condition
codes a set consistanr with the results of the
operation.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

7 6

5 4 3 2 10

110

Size

Effective Address
Mode 1 Register

Word data (16 bits) Byte data (8 bits)

Long data (32 bits including previous word)

Size field; 00 - Byte operation
01 - Word operation
10 - Long word operation

The following destination effective addresses
cannot be used: 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.'

CMPM

8, 16, 32
CCR
XNZ VC

Compare
Memory

This operation is used to subtract the
source from the destination. The CCR is set in
accord with the result. The contents of the
destination are not changed. The addressing is
always done using postincrement addressing.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10 11

Register
Rx

Size

1

Register
Ry

Rx must be an address register and in the

destination.

Ry must be an address register and is always the

source.

Only the Post Increment mode can be used.

No. 54 - November 1982

(continued)
MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

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29

MICRObits

(Continued fiom page 28)

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(continued)

Table 1 (continued)

Maemonic Data Size/CCR Function

Comments

DIVS 16 Signed

CCR Divide

XNZVG

This operation divides the destination
by the source. The result is left in the
destination. The source is a 16-bit word and
the destination is a long word operation.The
lower 16 bits are the quotient and the remainder
is in the upper 16 bits,- the sign of the remainder
is the same as dividend unless the remainder is
zero. Division by zero causes a trap. Overflow
may be detected and flagged but the operation is
uneffected.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6

5 4 3 2 10

1 Register 1 1 1

Effective Address
Mode 1 Register

The register If specifies one of the eight data
registers and this is the destination register. The
effective address determines the sotirce and all
EA modes can be used except 2, 14.*

DIVU

16

Unsigned

CCR

Divide

XNZVC

The unsigned divide is identical to the
signed divide except that unsigned
arithmetic is used.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10

10

Register

1 1

Effective Address
Mode [ Register

The addressing modes and the definition in the
op word are the same as the signed divide.

EXT

16,32

Sign

CCR

Extend

XNZVC

- . . 00

This instruction extends the sign bit of a
byte to a word or a word to a long word.
The MSB is detected and extended to the proper
length. The sign bit is considered to be the most
significant bit of the word.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9

8 7 6

5 4 3

2 1

10 10

Op Mode

Register

Op Mode field specifies the size of the extension.
010 - Word sign extension
Oil - Long word sign extension

Register Held specifies one of eight data registers.

MULS

16

CCR

XNZVC

Signed
Multiply

- . . 00

This operation multiplies two signed words
together. The destination must be a specified
data register. The sign of the operation is
reflected in the sign bit.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 1 Register

1 1 1

Effective Address
Mode I Register

Register field specifies one of the diata registers
and is a destination register.

All effective addressing modes can be used
except Direct, Quick, Immediate, and Implied 2,
13, 14."

MULU

16

Unsigned

CCR

Multiply

XNZVC

- . . 00

This operation multiplies two 16-bit

integers together and leaves the result in the

destination register. The operations are similar

to the signed multiply except that signed

arithmetic is not used. The 32-bit result is left in

the destination register.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

110

Register

1 1

Effective Address
Mode I Register

Register field specifies one of eight data registers.

The effective address can be anything but Direct,
Quick, Immediate, and Implied 2, 13, 14,*

30

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

Table 1 (continued)
Mnemonic Data Size/CCR Function

Comments

MEG

8, 16, 32
CCR
XNZ VC

Negate

The destination is subtracted from zero. This
changes the sign of the destination. The result
of this operation is left in the destination.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10 10

Size

Effective Acbbess
Mode I Re^ster

Size field specifies the size of the data to be
operated on.

00 - Byte operation

01 - Word operation

10 - Long word operation

Effective address modes can by anything but 2,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14.*

NEGX

8, 16, 32

CCR

XNZVC

Negate The destination is subtracted from zero and the

with Extend result of the operation is left in the destination.

The sign bit is extended to the end of the word.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 43 2 1

10

Size

Effective Address
Mode I Register

Size field specifies the size of the operation.

00 - Byte operation

01 - Word operation

10 - Long word operation

The following effective address nuxies cannot be
used: 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.'

SUB

8, 16, 32

Subtract

CCR

Binary

XNZVC

This operation subtracts the source from
the destination and leaves the result in the
destination.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10 1

Op Mode

Effective Address
Mode I Register

Register field specifies any one of the eight data
registers.

Op Mode field defines the way that tie operation
is to be performed between the data register and
the effective address.

Long
Byte Word Word Operation

000 001 010

The data register is the
destination and the £A is
subtracted from the
Register.

SUBA

16, 32

CCR

XNZVC

Subtract
Address

100 101 110 The EA is the destination
and the register is
subtracted from (he EIA.

The only effective address |EA) modes which
cannot be used if the EA is a source are 13, 14.*

If the EA is a destination tSen the following
effective address modes cannot be used: 1, 2, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14.*

This instruction subtracts the effective
address from the address register and
leaves the result in the address register.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10 1

Register

Op Mode

Effective Address
Mode [ Raster

Register field specifies any one of the eight

address registers.

The Op Mode specifies the size of the operation.

Oil - Word operation

111 - Long word operation

All effective address modes can be used except
10, 11, 12, 13, 14.'

MICRObits f,

continued)

VIslCalc To Apple Plot

Interface translates from VisiCalc to
Apple Plot, prevents erroneous graphs,
fits curves to data, and supplements
VisiCalc with rank ordering and
alphabetizing. Send SASE for details or
$30.00 for the copyable program.

Bill Starbuck

2100 E. Edgewood

Shorewood, WI 53211

(414| 963-9750

VisiCalc To Apple Writer

Veecee-Writer translated VisiCalc (/PF)
files for Apple Writer 1. Send $15.00 for
the copyable program.

Bill Starbuck

2100 E. Edgewood

Shorewood, WI 53211

(414| 963-9750

AIM-65 FIG-FORTH

Fig-Forth for your Aim-65 with
assembler needs 16K memory. Cassette
$20.00. With editor and assembler
needs 32K memory $25.00.

D. Holmes

466 Palos Verdes Blvd.

Redondo Beach, CA 90277

0SI-C3B

152K static ram, 70 MB disk, 160 1pm
printer, dual 8" floppies, software, 1
year old, used 2 months. $12,800.00
US or best offer.

Alan f. Lawson

Toronto, Canada

(416) 576-6508

OSI C1 P Chomper

Positively one of the most difficult,
challenging, and fun dot-eating games
available on the CIP. Progressively
faster action, bonus characters, and
"commercials" for high scores.
Keyboard or joystick, 8K tape. $14.95
includes shipping.

Watts Ware

153 Madrona Drive

Anacortes, WA 98221

Consulting Opportunities

Learn how to become a successful
consultant in your own field. Write for
a free prospectus:
The Consultant's Library
815 15th Street, NW Dept. M.
Washington D.C. 20005

iSMCAO

(continued)

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

31

Mnemonic Data Size/CCR Function

Comments

Announcing

THE GUIDE

A Complete Guide
to the Apple Computer

If You Own the Original

What's Where in the

APPLE?

You Will Want

THE GUIDE

A Complete Guide
to the Apple Computer

only $9.95*

The Guide provides full explanatory
text to lead you through the most
complete Apple memory map ever
published!

The Guide explains and
demonstrates how to use the atlas
and gazeteer published in the
original volume!

If you missed the first edition of
What's Where in the Apple?, a new

revised edition containing BOTH the
original atlas and gazeteer AND the
all new Guide is available in one
256-page, Wire-0-Bound book for
only $24.95!

MICRO makes it easy to order:
Send check (payable to MICRO) to:

MICRO INK
P.O. Box 6502
Chelmsford, MA 01824

Call our toll-free number:

1-800-345-8112

(In PA, 1-800-662-2444)
VISA and MasterCard accepted

'Add $2.00 shipping per book.
MA residents add 5%.

83-370

SUB!

8, 16, 32

CCR

X N Z V C

Subtract
Immediate

This instruction subtracts the immediate
data from the destination. The result of the
operation is left in the destination and the
proper bits are set in the CCR.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8

7 6

5 4 3 2 10

10

Size

Effective Address
Mode 1 Register

Word data (16 bits) Byte data (8 bits)

Long word data (32 bits using previous word)

Size field defines the size of the operation.

00 - Byte operation data is the lower order byte

of the immediate word.

01 - Word operation data is the entire

immediate word.
10 - Long word operation data is the next two
immediate words.

The following addressing modes cannot be used:
2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.*

SUBQ

8, 16, 32
CCR
XNZ VC

Subtract
Quick

This operation subtracts the immediate data
from the destination. The results are left in the
destination and the bits are set in the CCR
consistent with the results of the operation.

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 ij Data I 1

Size Effective Address
' Mode I Register

Data field contains the immediate data to be
subtracted: Any integer from 1 - 7 can be
represented and in the data field represents the
integer 8.

Size field determines the size of the operation.

00 - Byte operation

01 - Word operation

10 - Long word operation

The following effective address modes carmot be
used; 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.'

SUBX

8, 16, 32
CCR
XNZ VC

Subtract

with

Extension

This instruction subtracts the source from the
destination and leaves the results in the
destination. The sign is extended.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10

10 1

Register
Rx

Size

R/MJRegister
Ry

Size field specifies the size of the operation.

00 - Byte operation

01 - Word operation

10 - Long word operation

Rx

R/M =

R/M = 1

destination

data

address

register

register

register for

predecrement

mode

Ry

source

register

data
register

address
register for
predecrement
mode

data
register
to data
register transfer

memory to
memory transfer

TST

8, 1 6, 32

Test an

CCR

Operand

XNZVC

- . . 00

This instruction compares the data defined
by the effective address with zero. The
condition code register is set to be consistent
with the result of the operation.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10 10 10

Size

Effective Address
Mode I Register

00 - Byte operation

01 - Word operation

10 - Long word operation

The following effective address modes cannot be
used: 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.'

ilVlCftO

32

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

.^i

jJ^S^'i^

-'%:

mg like it before. Nothing else like it now!

. . brings you continuous Hi-Res action-animation in every adven-
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Descend deep into the heart of the temple-
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You've never seen an adventure like
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UnW*^

The orcode-worp is open!

YOU CAN RUN BUT CANT HIDE. YOU CAN KILL BUT CANT Ef

Tubewoy! Ir's on insidious invasion re

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srronge, geonnerric universe. You're rrop

, on rhe rinn as rheir fleer sworms our of rhe v

on o voyage of

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*i '\ . ... you hove ro figh

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J^y \ sryle space gomes

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|c . \ Aryourcompurersrc

//--

How to Make a Graphic-80
PET from a 40 1 6

by James Strasma

A "Graphic 80" is an 80-column
PET with the graphic-style
keyboard. It can be made from a
4016 (Commodore's cheapest
PET) by adding some
inexpensive, readily available
iCs and moving some jumpers.
The author provides step-by-step
instructions, in addition,
instructions are provided to add
extra keys to an 8032 or a
Graphic 80.

The CBM 8032 offers an 80-column
screen and a very business-oriented
keyboard. Many PET owners would
like to have the 80 columns, yet still
maintain the easy access to graphic
characters that the "graphic" keyboard
offers. This does take some soldering
and electronic assembly skill.

This article shows how to upgrade a
"Fat Forty" 4016 or 4032 to a graphic
keyboard, 80-column machine. There
are several options available, including
only upgrading to 32K, making a
business-keyboard 8032, and adding ex-
tra keys to control video functions not
previously accessible from a single key.

Before you begin, note that these
changes are for ASSY. NO. 8032089,
located on the right edge of the board,
halfway back, the FCC-approved Uni-
versal Dynamic PET main board. Simi-
lar changes worked with earlier boards,
as long as the computer came with the
large, 12-inch screen.

Also note that procedures described
below void any Commodore wanantee,
guarantees non-support by them, and
cannot be guaranteed to work on your
particular machine.

The traces on current PET com-
puter boards are very tiny, and easily
destroyed. Do not attempt this project
unless you are skilled with a soldering
iron. Before you start, unplug your
machine for your safety and the
computer's.

Install sockets where new chips are
added. This makes the job easier and
makes later repairs more convenient.

To make a 4032 from a 4016
D Insert 4116 dynamic RAM chips
in the vacant positions of column UA.
These include UA4, UA6, UA8, UAIO,
UA12, UAH, UA16, and UA18, eight
in all.

D At the right front of the board,
find the right end of jumper Y, and re-
route that end to the next hole toward
the rear, at the right end of a line labeled
Z. (See figure 1.) Your PET will now
display "31743 bytes free" when it is
powered on. If it doesn't, check your
connections.

To make an 80-column machine
from a 4032

D Move the right end of all ten
jumpers at BAO one hole to the rear.
(See figure 2.)

D Just behind jumpers Y and Z,
move the right end of the jumper labeled
both 3 and 40 one hole to the rear, the
right end of the line marked 4 and 80.
(See figure 1.)

D Remove the short between pins
10 and 11 of UD2 from the bottom of
the board, and repair those pins' con-
nections on the top side of the board. If

you damage this chip, it can be inex-
pensively replaced. (UD2 is the chip in
the upper-left of figure 1.)

D Remove the jumpers at 6 and 7
between UB2 and UC3. (See figure 3.)

D Add jumpers at 5 and at 8 in the
same area (figure 3). The jumper at 8
shoud be between the most widely
separated of its four holes.

n Add 2114 static RAM chips at
UC6 and UC7.

D Add 74LS244 octal tri-state
driver chips at UB6 and UB7.

n Add a 74LS373 tri-state octal D
flip-flop chip at UB8.

D Replace the 2K ROM at UD7
with a suitable replacement, as de-
scribed in the next section.

To make the result a business-
keyboard 8032

n Buy or program a ROM for UD7
identical to the one supplied in that
position on the 8032. Commodore's
part number is 901474-03. The correct
EPROM substitute is a single 5-volt
supply 2716.

D Buy and install a business-
keyboard in place of the graphic one

Figure 1: Detail of front of board showing positions of Jumpers Y, Z, 3, and 4, and IC
UD2.

SN7itLSlGH

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

35

supplied. Since the cutouts will not
match, the lower portion of the hood
should be replaced, or you can make
your own mounting plate.

To make the result a G80

D Create a custom 2716 EPROM
for UD7, or obtain one from a user
group. The only change is to take the
80-byte keyboard look-up table from
locations $E798-$E7E7 in the Fat Forty
ROM, and copy it into the functionally
equivalent location in the 8032's ROM,
starting at $E6D1. With this change,
the G80 will lack only the REPEAT,
ESCAPE, and TAB keys of the 8032.

However, as long as you have made
the decision to modify the ROM, why
not improve it? By changing only a few
bytes, you may add not only the miss-
ing keys, but also up to four others.

Listing 1 shows my keyboard look-
up table, which includes keys for
TEXT/GRAPHICS, INSERT/DELETE
LINE, ERASE TO BEGIN/END, and an
optional value for SET TOP/BOTTOM
OF SCREEN. The details are described
later in the article.

Adjusting the Screen

There is a slight problem with the
video adjustment that appears when
CHR$(14) is printed. The top and bot-
tom lines disappear! To fix this, adjust
the potentiometer labeled HEIGHT,
from below the video display board,
using a small non-conductive screw-
driver. Bear in mind that parts of this
board carry over 10,000 volts, even
when the computer is unplugged!

Using the program below, adjust the
pot so the test pattern just fills the
screen:

10 PRINT CHR$(14)
20 FOR 1 = 1 TO 1999
30 : PRINT"*";
40 NEXT
50 GOTO 50

The same fix works on any Fat Forty.

To add missing and extra keys pull
off the keyboard connector at the
keyboard. Note that it has 18 separate
connections. These correspond to the
ten rows and eight columns of the key-
board matrix as shown in listing 1.

There is a small hole at each posi-
tion in this connector. Using micro test
clips available from Radio Shack, you
can make temporary connections.

For a slightly more permanent at-
tachment, I soldered tiny loops of wire
to the keyboard side of the connector,
as shown in figure 4. From the right
edge of the keyboard connector, as
viewed in place, the ten rows of the
keyboard matrix are the first ten wires
from the right. The eight columns of

Listing 1

.: E6D1

3D

2E

10

03

3C

20

5B

12

E6D9

2D

30

00

3E

19

5D

40

00

E6E1

2B

32

OE

3F

2C

4E

56

58

E6E9

33

31

OD

3B

4D

42

43

5A

E6F1

2A

35

IB

3A

4B

48

46

53

E6F9

36

34

15

4C

4A

47

44

41

E701

2F

38

16

50

49

59

52

57

E709

39

37

5E

4F

55

54

45

51

E711

14

11

09

29

5C

27

24

22

E719

ID

13

5F

28

26

25

23

21

Figure 2: Detail stiowing jumpers BAO - BA10 and position of replacement EPROIM at
UD7.

Figure 3: Detail showing jumpers 5, 6, 7, and 8.

36

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

I ■ J I

Figure 4: Added loops at keyboard
connector and clip connections.

the matrix follow, again toward the
left.

The six keys I have added are all in
column 3 of listing 1 . This corresponds
to the thirteenth wire from the right. It
is the one with two micro test clips in
figure 4. Each of these wires connects
to one pole of an added key (or push
button, as I implemented it).

Rows 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 9 contain the
added keys. Connect each one to the
unused pole of the appropriate added
"key." One more key could be added
by attaching wires to row 2 and column
5. These correspond to positions 2 and
15 from the right end of the connector,
and would be mated through another
key.

If you prefer to implement another
keyboard value, substitute your prefer-
red PET ASCII value into the keyboard
look-up table of listing 1. For instance,
if you replace the $03 at location
$E6D4 with $07, then hitting the STOP
key would ring the chime rather than
halting running programs.

I chose to mount push buttons
through the bezel surrounding the
video screen, as shown in figure 5. I
used Radio Shack's tiniest push but-
tons because they are unobtrusive,
easier to push than large ones, and I
couldn't find regular keyswitches.
Regular keyswitches could be used, or a
surplus keypad could be wired up.

One method for making the G80

Figure 5: Micro push buttons added near
screen. Three additional buttons were in-
stalled on the other side.

selectable between 40 and 80 columns
requires three ICs to switch the neces-
sary lines. This plan offers a simpler
solution. It uses a 2732 EPROM, pre-
programmed to mimic any two BASIC
4.0 ROM sets, and switches from one
to the other by grounding one pin.

The disadvantage of this method is
that the 40 columns appear smaller and
centered on an 80-column screen,
rather than occupying the full width, as
on a Fat Forty.

For information on how to obtain
this chip, see the box on this page.

Software Compatibility

Nearly everything for the 8032 also
works on the G80, especially after ad-
ding the missing keys. This includes
the 8096 memory expansion board,
Silicon Office, COMAL, and VisiCalc
8096. The exceptions are complete
languages, including UCSD Pascal, the
former PET BASICs supplied with the
8096 board, and A.B. Computer's "Ex-
panded BASIC" for the 8096. By modi-
fying the programs, I have been able to
get all but UCSD Pascal to work with
the G80.

You may contact the author at 1280
Richland Ave., Lincoln, IL 62656.

ilMCftO

Obtaining Alternate ROMs

To order alternate ROMs for Commodore 8032 and G80 computers, write:

Jim Russo

Ann Arbor Terminals, Inc.

6175 Jackson Road

Ann Arbor, MI 48103
You may request any two of the following variations of BASIC 4:
Fat Forty (Current model, but centered on an 80-column screen.)
Skinny Forty (Also centered; works with far more games. No repeat function.)
Eighty (Same as the 8032.)

Be sure to specify whether the ROM is for a G80 or an 8032. I think the
charge is still $10 per ROM, barely above the cost of the 2732 itself.

ANDROID
ATTACK

i-oR J^ ATARf

Fight your way doNn through the
Top-Secret underground labor»tory
to save the runaway nuclear
reactor, then try to save yourself
before the Androids get youl

16K cassette, 32K disk (SPECIFY!)

Ask for ANDROID ATTACK at your
local dealer or send $18.95 + %2,U
shipping. Nrite for our illustrated
list of gaies for your ATARI.

F>RE:-r z E:i_i_^iNir>
s o F^ T uj #=* R e:

2005 D WHITTAKER RD
YPSILANTI, MI 4S197

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

37

/MCftO

CoCo Bits

By John Steiner

Ed. note: This is the fiist of oui Color
Computer columns. John will be
augmenting oui coveiage of 6809 com-
puters and helping to recruit authors.

This column will have two major goals:
to provide news about the TRS-80 Col-
or Computer, and to provide a clearing-
house for CoCo information. In addi-
tion, I hope to pass along any informa-
tion on the 6809, the 6847 video
display generator, and the other major
components CoCo has.

Originally, it seems, Tandy devel-
oped CoCo to compete with Atari, the
VIC 20, and other game machines of
similar style. Witness the use of ROM
program packs for games, etc. This em-
phasis seems to be changing slightly.
Just recently, Tandy has taken the 4K
machine off the market and replaced it
with a 16K version, at the same price.
With the addition of the 32K upgrade
(which uses 64K chips), CoCo has
entered a new world. The newer, more
powerful machine has been easily con-
verted to 64K and given the capacity to
run FLEX. OS-9 will probably be
available by the time you read this.
These two powerful operating systems
allow a vast range of 6809 software to
be executed from CoCo. As I learn
more details of these CoCo expansions,
I will pass them along.

Since this is the games issue, I have
some game-oriented information this
month. If you have a Color Computer
disk system, you have no doubt been
frustrated by the fact that the CoCo
DOS scratchpad is located at $600, just
where many machine-language tape
programs like to reside. I am grateful
that Tandy has started releasing some
software on tape since disk users have
trouble getting the disk drive and a
ROM pack in the ROMport at the same
time. It is a shame, though, to have to
spend several minutes loading a 14K
adventure game from tape, when that
expensive disk system just sits there
taking up space.

I purchased "BEDLAM," an adven-
ture game on tape, and decided I would
have to transfer it to disk. Being a

relative beginner to machine-language
programming and only having experi-
ence with the 6800, 1 have been waiting
for Tandy's assembler (though others
became available, I had a deposit on
Tandy's]. When it finally arrived, I
plugged in the EDTASM -i- ROM pack
(doggone it, there went the disk again),
and loaded BEDLAM using an offset of
16384. Using the monitor, I found the
start and end addresses, and tacked a
little routine at the end. This routine,
shown below, moves the program, one
byte at a time (I forgot about the D
register) down to $600. It then transfers
execution to $600, the start address of
BEDLAM.

You may enter and assemble the
listing yourself, or enter the object code
from the assembler listing using a
monitor. Once the routine is in place,
beginning at $7F02, use CLOADM
"BEDLAM", 16384 to load in
BEDLAM. Transfer the whole thing to
disk with the command SAVEM
"BEDLAM", &H4600, &H7F15,
&H7F02. Notice the execute address is
the start address of the memory move
routine. To run the program, you can
just use LOADM "BEDLAM" : EXEC,
or you can write a BASIC load routine,
and let BASIC do the work for you with
a simple RUN "BEDLAM".

Once the program has been loaded
into the region at $600, disk BASIC is
essentially gone. The quick and dirty
method to restore DOS is to shut the
computer off, then turn it on again. A
better way is to let RESET do it for you.

CoCo BASIC has two options in its
reset routine: a cold start and a warm
start. When RESET is pressed, memory
location 113 is checked for $55. If
found, a warm start is done, any pro-
gram in memory is saved; string
memory, number of graphics pages
reserved, and other parameters are
kept. If, on the other hand, anything
but $55 appears, BASIC assumes a cold
start and reconfigures the system to
power up status. This little trick will
recover our disk when we are through
with BEDLAM. Before loading the pro-
gram, from BASIC enter POKE 113,0.
Alternatively, you could add a routine
at the beginning of the machine-lan-
guage loader that will store a zero into
location 113 before executing BED-
LAM. When you are ready to quit
BEDLAM, just press RESET. DOS will
be reconnected. You will not be miss-
ing any fancy end routine by leaving
BEDLAM in this manner.

A quirk of this and the other Radio
Shack adventure games I've seen is
their STOP or QUIT command. I would
have expected control to return to
BASIC. What happens is that the key-
board will lock up, causing you to turn
off the computer or press RESET to
regain control. As long as you have to
press RESET anyway, you might as
well reconnect the disk. Though not
particularly fast or fancy, you can use
the routine on any 32K machine to
transfer programs. Just substitute the
correct start, end, and execute ad-
dresses where required.

•

ORG

$7F02

•PROGRAM TO MOVE BEDLAM

*

•JOHN STEINER 8/1/82*

7F02 8E

4600

START

LDX

#$4600

Load current start address

7F05 108E

0600

LDY

#$600

Load new start address

7F09 A6

80

MOVE

LDA

,X +

Load byte from current address

7F0B A7

AO

STA

,Y +

Store byte to new address

7F0D 8C

7F01

CMPX

#$7F01

Done yet?

7F10 26

F7

BNE

MOVE

If not go do it again

7F12BD

0600

JSR

END

$600

38

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

CoCo Bits

(continued)

One more programming hint for
this month. Disk users are told by the
disk system manual that "COPY" is
available for only multi-drive users.
This is incorrect. If you have a single
disk drive, you can enter COPY
"filename/ext". You will be prompted
as to when to switch disks. In addition,
unlike BACKUP and DSKINI, COPY is
non-destructive of the program in
memory. If you have a long program in
memory and a large file to copy, how-
ever, you may have to switch disks a
couple of times. COPY can be used to
transfer any file type, and easily
transfers machine-language or data
files. I will have more details on COPY
next month, including a small routine
that assists in selective disk backups.

I am an electronics instructor by
profession, and would like to make a
couple of comments on CoCo in school.
Tandy is developing courseware that
runs on the Color Computer. CoCo
will be making appearances in class-
rooms around the country if Tandy has
anything to say about it. By the time
you read this, teachers will have access
to programs such as Chemistry Simula-
tions. Radio Shack's Talk/Tutor

development system is the medium for
several recently released educational
packages, including Vocabulary Tutor
I, and Inventions That Changed Our
Lives. Talk/Tutor programs make good
use of the high-resolution graphics and
audio features of CoCo.

In addition to these and other
educational software. Color PILOT will
have been released. PILOT has been
used by many instructors who wanted
to develop computer-assisted instruc-
tion, yet did not want to learn the com-
plexities of BASIC. Color LOGO,
another popular language with educa-
tors, should also be available. Both pro-
grams will have disk versions; LOGO
will also be on ROM pack.

I am looking forward to comments
from readers. I plan on including pro-
gramming hints, and CoCo- and
6809-related news. In addition, CoCo
disk users are probably a distinct
minority and I will have information
on Color BASIC and Extended BASIC,
as well as disk BASIC. I can be reached
at 508 Fourth Ave. NW, Riverside, ND
58078, or contact me through MICRO.

AMCftO

AT LAST... rin I
...mR|JE](

For investors

and financial managers

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Genesis Information
System^, Inc.

P,0, Box 3001 • Duluth, MN • 55803
Phone 218/724-3944

Perry PERiphERAls RepaIrs KIMs!!

(SYlVIs ANd AIMS Too)

• We will Diagnose, Repair, and Completely Test your Single Board Computer

• We Socket all replaced Integrated Circuits

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• Your repaired S.B.C. returned via U.P.S. — C.O.D., Cash

Don't delay! Send us your S.B.C. for repair today
Ship To: (Preferably via U.P.S.)

Perry PERiphERAls

6 Brookhaven Drive
Rocky Point, NY 11778

KIM-1 Replacement MocIuLes

• Exact replacement for MOS/Commodore KIM-1 S.B.C.

• Original KIM-1 firmware — IK and 4K RAM versions

Replacement KIM-1 KEyboARds

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• Easily installed in later model KIMs

Perry Peripherals is an authorized HDE factory service center.

Perry Peripherals carries a full line of the acclaimed HDE expansion components for you KIM, SYM, and AIM,
including RAM boards. Disk Systems, and Software like HDE Disk BASIC V1. 1. Yes, we also have diskettes. For
more information write to: P.O Box 924, Miller Place, NY 11764, or Phone (516) 744-6462.

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

39

BOX 120

ALLAMUCHY, N.J. 07820

201-362-6574

HUDSON DIGITAL ELECTRONICS INC

THE TASK* MASTERS

HDE supports the *TIM, AIM, SYM and KIM (TASK) with a growing line of computer programs and
peripheral components. All HDE component boards are state-of-the-art AVi" x BV?", with on board
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OMNIDISK 65/8 and 65/5

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Complete, ready to plug in, bootstrap and run.
Include HDE's proprietary operating system,
FODS (File Oriented Disk System).

HDE DISK BASIC

A full range disk BASIC for KIM based systems.
Includes PRINT USING, IF . . . THEN . . . ELSE.
Sequential and random file access and much
more. $175.00

DM816-M8A

An 8K static RAM board tested for a minimum of
100 hours and warranted for a full 6 months.

HDE ADVANCED INTERACTIVE
DISASSEMBLER (AID)

Two pass disassembler assigns labels and con-
structs source files for any object program.
Saves multiple files to disk. TIM, AIM, SYM, KIM
versions. $95.00

DM816-UB1

A prototyping card with on-board 5V regulator
and address selection. You add the application.

HDE ASSEMBLER

Advanced, two pass assembler with standard
mnemonics. KIM, TIM, SYM and KIM cassette
versions. $75.00 ($80.00 cassette)

DM81 6- P8

A 4/8K EPROM card for 2708 or 271 6 circuits.
On board regulation of all required voltages.
Supplied without EPROMS.

DM816-CC15

A 15 position motherboard mounted in a 19"
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KIM, AIM and SYM versions.

DISK PROGRAM LIBRARY

Offers exchange of user contributed routines
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AVAILABLE DIRECT OR

HDE TEXT OUTPUT PROCESSING SYSTEM
(TOPS)

A comprehensive text processor with over 30
commands to format and output letters, docu-
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HDE DYNAMIC DEBUGGING TOOL (DDT)

Built in assembler/disassembler with program
controlled single step and dynamic breakpoint
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cassette versions. $65.00 ($68.50 cassette)

HDE COMPREHENSIVE MEMORY TEST
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Eight separate diagnostic routines for both
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P.O. Box 924

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(516)744-6462

GAMES FEATURE

Castle Adventure
for PET and Apple

by David Malm berg

Castle Adventure Is a role-
playing game that Involves
traveling throughout a
dangerous castle in search of
treasure. The goal Is to rescue
the princess, while avoiding the
many dangers about you.

Castle Adventure

requires:

PET/CBM with 32K
or Apple II with 48K
or other Microsoft BASIC
computer

In CASTLE ADVENTURE you play the
role of Godfrey de Goodheart, a bold,
but impoverished knight. King Fredrick
in has dispatched you to rescue his only
daughter, the beautiful Princess Fatima,
from the dungeons of Baron von Evil's
castle. You have also been asked to cap-
ture the Baron's treasures of gold,
silver, and gems, which he enmassed
by cruelly exploiting his serfs. If you
can rescue the princess and return with
all of the Baron's ill-gotten treasures.
King Fredrick has promised you Prin-
cess Fatima' s hand in marriage.

Your quest will be filled with peril.
The seven lone knights who were
previously sent on this crusade all
vanished without a trace. If you are to
succeed where so many others have
failed, you must use all your strength
and cunning — and be very lucky!

During your quest the computer
will be your guide. You take action by
giving the computer a series of one- or
two- word commands, such as: GO
SOUTH (or just "S"), OPEN DOOR,
GET KEYS, LEAVE CHEST, SWIM.
The computer has a vocabulary of only
about 100 words. If it does not under-
stand your command, try something
else. A complete list of this vocabulary

is purposely not included. At least half
the fun will be establishing the com-
puter's lexicon. Several commands will
be particularly useful:

• INVENTORY (or just "I") will give
you a list of all the items you are
carrying.

• LOOK (or just "L") may reveal
significant details that may help you
in your quest.

• HELP (or just "H") may result in a
valuable hint.

• SAVE will cause the current status of
the game to be saved on tape or disk.

• LOAD will enable you to resume a
previously saved game.

• SCORE will show you the total num-
ber of points you have earned so far.

• QUIT will end the game and show
you your final score.

Remember that everything you en-
counter in your adventure has a pur-
pose. There are plenty of clues, but it
will take imagination, perseverance,
cunning, skill, and most of all luck to
win the Princess's hand.

Converting to Other Computers

CASTLE ADVENTURE, as shown
in listing I, is written for a 32K
PET/CBM computer. Listing 2 shows
changes required for an Apple II.
However, the program is written in
"standard" Microsoft BASIC, so con-
version to other Microsoft machines
should be a relatively trivial task.
There are only three areas where
changes to the program will have to be
made.

First, you will have to replace the
screen and cursor control commands of
the PET. These are shown in the listing
within square brackets in their
"English equivalents" so their mean-
ing should be fairly obvious,- i.e., CLR
means clear the screen, 3 DOWN
means move the cursor down three
rows, etc. CASTLE AI3 VENTURE is
written for a 40-column screen, so no
spacing changes will be required for the

Atari (with Microsoft BASIC] or other
40-column systems.

The second change is to convert the
LOAD game (lines 24 to 36) and SAVE
game (lines 219 to 233) routines so they
will be compatible with your
machine's tape and/or disk command
formats. The variables you want to
SAVE and LOAD are: SF, LX, DF, R,
and the array IA(.), which has IL
elements (including a zero-th element).

The last thing to change is the
reference to the PET ROMs in line 390.

Acknowledgement

Many of the ideas in CASTLE
ADVENTURE, as well as other adven-
tures that are widely available, owe a
tremendous debt to Scott Adams. In the
specific case of CASTLE, it uses a data-
base structure and table-driven logic
similar to those first described by
Adams in several articles. These
articles are a must for the true
adventurephile:

l."An Adventure in Small Computer
Game Simulation," Creative Com-
puting, (August 1979). Describes the
data-base structure.
2."Adventureland," Softside, (July
1980). Describes the table-driven
logic.
3. "Pirate's Adventure," BYTE,
(December 1980). Also describes the
table-driven logic.

Castle Adventure listing begins on
page 42. The changes for Apple II
(listing 2) are on page 46.

David Malmberg is the author or co-author
of several personal computer packages; the
most recent is VIC Turtle Graphics
published by Human Engineered Software.
You may contact him at 43064 Via
Moraga, Fremont, CA 94539.

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

41

GAMES FEATURE!

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46

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 198;

CHRISTMAS SEASON
SPECIALS!

Let ARK COMPUTING Make This Your
Best Christmas Ever!

Super Fan II by R.H. Electronics 59.95/79.95

Appljcard, a high performance Z-80 card

with 64K Ram, complete with CP/M

4 mhz 324.95/445.00

6 mhz 395.00/595.00

Microsoft Z-80 card with CP/M and

Microsoft Basic

2 mhz 269.95/395.00

Microtek Parallel Printer Interface complete

with centronic compatible connector

64.95/79.95

Lazer Lower Case +Plus with Character

Set +PIUS 49.95/84.90

Lower Case -l-Plus alone 39.95/59.95

Lazer Graphics -f-Plus 99.95/1 59.95

Graphics +Plus and

Lower Case +Plus 1 34.95/21 9.90

Computer Stop 16K Ram Board 69.95/149.95

Computer Stop Omnivision 80 Column board
129.95/295.00

Videx Video-term with Softswitch, inverse

character set and 80 column Visicaic preboot

295.00/450.00

Wizard BPO 1 6K buffered printer interface
(expandable to 32 K) 1 34.95/1 79.95

Wizard 80, 80 column board 195.00/295.00

Lazer Pascal 29.9"5/39.95

Anixl.O 34.95/49.95

Lazer Forth 44.95/59.95

D Tack 68000 board for the Apple II
with 4K Ram 895.00

Lazer Model/32 (1 6032 board for the Apple II)
CALL!

Lisa

Lisa Educational Pak

Alien Ambush

Bandits

Cannonball Blitz

County Fair

Cranston Manor

Cycled

David's Midnight Magic

Dosource 3.3

Dueling Digits

Falcons

Firebird

Foosball

Horizon V

Genetic Drift

Kabul Spy

Jelly Fish

Lemmings

Labyrinth

Mouskattack

Outpost

Red Alert

Pig Pen

Russki Duck

Minator

Track Attack

Thief

Space Quarks

Snack Attack

Swash Buckler

Gin Rummy

The Dictionary

General Manager

4 Ft, Disk Cable

Visicaic

Using 6502 Assembly

Language Book

Kids and The Apple

Computer Book

Apple Panic

Kraft Joystick

59.95/79.95
79.95/119.95
19.95/29.95
19.95/29.95
24,95/34.95
19.95/29.95
24.95/34.95
19.95/29.95
24.95/34.95
24.95/39.95
19.95/29.95
21 .95/29.95
21 .95/29.95
19.95/29.95
25.95/34.95
19.95/29.95
24,95/34.95
19.95/29.95
19.95/29.95
19.95/29.95
24.95/34.95
19.95/29.95
19.95/29.95
24.95/34.95
25.95/34.95
24.95/34.95
19.95/29.95
17.95/29.95
19.95/29.95
19.95/29.95
24.95/34.95
24,95/34.95
69.95/99.95
99.95/149.95
19.95/29.95
179.95/250.00

14.95/19.95

15,95/19.95
19.95/29.95
49,95/69.95

Your Salvation

In The Sea Of

Inflation.

714735-2250

P.O. Box 2025
Corona, CA91720

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

47

ROCKWELL Microcomputers from Excert, Inc.

THE AIM 65/40
Single Board or Smorgasbord

A full size terminal style keyboard w/8 special

function keys

A smart, 40 character display with its own

microprocessor

A 40 column printer w/text and graphiic output

Up to 64K of on-board RAM and ROM
On-board interfaces include RS232, dual audio
cassette and 2 user I/O R6522 devices

Firmware includes interactive monitor and text
editor w/options of Assembler, BASIC, FORTH
and PL/65

THE AIM 65
Take-Out Order

A full size terminal style keyboard w/3 special

function keys

A 20 character display

A 20 column printer w/text and graphic output

capability

Up to 4K RAM and 20K ROM on-board

On-board interfaces include 20MA TTY, dual

audio cassette and 1 user I/O R6522 device

Firmware includes interactive monitor and text
editor w/options of Assembler, BASIC, FORTH,
PASCAL, & PL/65

And if the above isn't enough,
Try the RM65 — a product line filled with embellishments including:

32K DRAM Board
CRT Controller
Floppy Disk Controller
PROM Programmer

ACIA Board
IEEE-488Board
CPU/SBC Board
4-16 Slot Card Cages

Prototype cards
Adaptor Buffer Modules
General Purpose I/O Board
PROM/ROM Board

NEW LOWER PRICES AND A CASH DISCOUNT* TO BOOT!

A65/40-16(16KRAM) $1225

A65/40-32 (32K RAM) $1 295

A65/40-A (Assembler) $ 85

A65/40-B (BASIC) $ 65

Mail Order to:

A65-1 (1 K RAM) $420

A65-4 (4K RAM) $445

A65-4B (4K RAM w/BASIC) $495

A65-PS (PASCAL) $100

A65-F (FORTH) $ 65

A65-A (Assembler) $ 35

Educational Computer Division
EXCEPT INCORPORATED

SALES
SERVICE
INSTALLATION
CONSULTING

P.O Box 8600

White Bear Lake, MN 55110

(612)426-4114

Higher quantities quoted upon request, COD's accepted,
shipping will be added. * Deduct 5% cash discount on
prepaid orders. Minnesota residents add 5% sales tax.
Prices subject to change without notice.

48

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1962

GAMES FEATURE

SYM 23 Matches

by MattGanis

Two players alternate, removing
matches from a pile of 23; the
player taking the last match
loses. On each turn a player may
take 1, 2, or 3 matches.

23 Matches

requires:

1KSYM

In this version of the game the human
challenges the computer. Key in G
0200 to begin the game. The LEDs will
go blank and the SYM will wait for you
to press any key on the keypad. Once
this is done the computer informs the
player that it is his turn. At this point
the player enters either a 1, 2, or 3 (tak-
ing away 1, 2, or 3 matches]. The SYM
will inform the player of the number of
matches it is taking by scrolling the
message 'I SELECT....'

Modifications to the program are
very simple:

1 . To change the speed of the messages
that scroll on the display, decrement
the value at location $02FA.

2. To make the computer move first,
change the at location $0204 to 1 .

3. To alter the number of matches used,
change the $17 (hex $17, decimal 23)
to the number of matches desired.

The only part of the program that
might be used in another program is the
'display-a-message' routine at location
$02EE. This routine will scroll a
message across the SYM displays start-
ing at the right-most display and ending
at any desired display. Just set the zero
page pointer (PTR| to the location of
the message [lo, hi), and load the Y
register with the number of displays to
be used minus one. Then do a JSR
MESSAGE.

Mr. Ganis studies computer science at
PACE University (Pleasantville/
Briarcliff). He may be contacted at
Sheridan Road R.D. #3, Lebanon, NJ
08833.

23 Matches

33 •■

020£i

THIS Is R GliME OF 23 NRTCHES.
EhCH person (THE COMPUTER RMIi
THE PLfiVER ThKE TURNS TRKING
RWRV MATCHES FROM THE PILE.

ON ERCH TURN VOU MhV TRKE ONLV
1..2 OR 3 NRTCHES. THE PLRVER
TRKING THE LRST MATCH LOSES ! !

EHSIC VERSION FROM -

lei BhSIC COMPUTER GAMES
EDITED EV DAVID H. RHL

TO START GRME KEV

G e2e0

.***iERO PAGE LOCRTIGNS USED

30:

0200

MOVE

=

*00

WHOSE MOVE IT IS

Si:

0200

MATCHES

=

*01

NUMBER OF MATCHES

32:

0200

DISPLAV

=

*02

LAST DISPLAV USED

S3:

020Q

RND

=

*04

RANDOM NUMBER

34:

0200

PTR

=

$0Z

POINTER FOR MESSAGES

35:

0200

COUNT 1

=

$0?

DELAV COUNTER 1

36:

0200

C0UNT2

=

$08

DELAV COUNTER 2

37:

0200

TEMP

=

*09

TEMP. STORAGE

ss-

0200

REG

=

*0A

1ST REG. COMPUTER MOVE

39:

0200

SVMMOVE

=

*0B

COMPUTER'S MOVE

90-

0200

REG2

=

*0C

2ND REG. COMPUTER MOVE

91:

0200

TEMP2

~

$0D

TEMP. STORAGE 2

':*.**MONITOR

LOCATIONS US

ED**.*

GETKEV

■fSSAF

,;GET A KEV FROM KEVPAD

94

0200

LED

=

:tA640

.: LOCATION OF 1ST D I SPLAY

95

0200

SCAND

=

1-3906

.;SCAN THE DISPLAV

■:->€■

02013

ACCESS

=

*SBS6

.; ENABLE SVSTEN RAM

97

0200

SEGCODES

=

*8C29

.: TABLE OF SEGMENT COEES

98

0200

KEVSTAT

-

*396A

.;IF A KEV IS DONN C=l

10t

3 : 0200

■■

*=

i:0200

Ilk

1 : 0200

20

36 3B

MAIN

JSR

ACCESS

.: ENABLE RAM

121

0203

A9

00

LDA

#0

121

0205

85

00

STA

MOVE

,:PLAVER FIRST

13t

0207

A9

17

LDA

#23

i-se

0209

85

01

STA

MATCHES

.: MATCHES=23

14k

020E

A9

42

LDA

#i:42

14t

020D

35

02

STA

DISPLAV

14£

020F

A9

A6

LDA

#*A6

14f

0211

35

0.3

STA

DISPLAV+1

156

0213

E6

04

RANDOM

INC

RND

.; GENERATE RANDOM #

ise

0215

20

6fl 39

JSR

KEVSTAT

..WAIT FOR KEV DOWN

16;

0213

90

F9

;

BCC

RANDOM

.:IF NO KEV ..BUMP RND

(continued)

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

49

GAMES FEATURE!

/MCftO

New Publications

40 Computei Games horn Kilobaud
Microcomputing, edited by Emily A.
Gibbs and Jim Perry. Wayne Green,
Inc. (Peterborough, NH), 1980, 148
pages, paperback. $7.95

40 Computer Games offers you some of
the best game programs from recent
issues of Kilobaud Miciocomptuing.
Nine game categories offer something
for everyone. Accompanying articles
explain how to play the games and in-
crease the odds to beat the computer.
The games are written in different lan-
guages for various computer systems.

CONTENTS: Gambling; Racing; Space;
Board Games; Card Games; Guessing
Games; Puzzles; Calculators; Odds and Ends.

Science and Engineering Sourcebook by

Cass Lew art. Micro Text Publications
Inc. (One Lincoln Plaza, Suite 27C,
New York, NY 10023), 1982, 95 pages,
6x9 inches, paperback.
ISBN: 0-942412-02-8 $9.95

A book of professional applications pro-
grams for the TRS-80 Pocket Com-
puter. The programs cover problems in
the field of electrical engineering,
statistics, queuing theory, reliability,
graph generation, artificial intelli-
gence, and related technical disci-
plines. A table of conversions make the.
translation of these programs applic-
able to other BASIC computers.

CONTENTS: Foreword; Introduction; Elec-
trical Engineering; Data Transmission;
Number Theory; Computer Programming;
Computer Generated Plotting; Probability
and Statistics; Mathematics; Operations
Research; Miscellaneous; Appendix.

Games for the ATARI, by S. Roberts.
Elcomp Publishing, Inc. (53 Redrock
Lane, Pomona, CA 91766), 1982, 115
pages, paperback.
ISBN: 3-911682-84-3 $7.95

Games for the Ataii provides ideas on
how to create your own computer
games. This booklet deals primarily
with BASIC examples with only one
example in machine language. Atari
programs show the possibilities of
using both graphics and sound features.

CONTENTS: Drawing Figures on the
Screen; Movements in BASIC; Movements
in Machine Language; Movements of
Missiles; Overlapping Detection; Sound-
fContinued on next page)

23 Matches (continued)

166

021fl 1=19 00

PRINT

LDR

#0

; PRINT MRTCHES

167

02 IC 85 09

STR

TEMP

IbS

021E fi5 01

LDR

MATCHES

170

0220 38

PNT2

SEC

; DETERMINE TENS

172

0221 E9 0R

SBC

#*0R

;BV SUCCESSIVE

174

0223 30 04

BMI

PNT3

.■SUBTRACTIONS OF 10

176

0225 E6 09

INC

TEMP

.BUMP TENS SPOT

178

0227 D0 F7

BNE

PNT2

.iBRRNCH RLWRVS

180

0229 18

PNT3

CLC

182

022fi £9 01=1

RDC

#*0R

.:flDD 10 BRCK

184

022C flfl

TRX

.:T0 GET UNITS

186

022D ED 29 8C

LDR

SEGCODES.,X

.:GET SEGMENT CODE

188

0230 3D 41 R6

STR

LED+1

;2ND DISPLflV

190

0233 fl6 09

LDX

TEMP

.;GET TENS

192

0235 BD 29 8C

LDR

SEGCODES.X

.: GET THE CODE

194

0233 8D 40 H6

STR

LED

.:1ST DISPRLV

196

023E fl5 01

LDR

MRTCHES

;TEST FOR ZERO

198

023D D0 03

BNE

OVER

.: MRTCHES, BRANCH IF K

200

023F 4C D0 02

JMP

LOST

.: SOMEONE LOST ! !

202

0242 Fi9 01

OVER

LDR

#1

.; DETERMINE WHOSE

204-

0244 38

SEC

;move it IS BV

206

0245 E5 00

SBC

MOVE

.; COMPUTING M0VE=1-M0V

208:

0247 85 00

STR

MOVE

210:

0249 F0 27

BEO

COMPUTER

.;IF COMPUTER -S MOVE

212:

024B fi9 IE

LDR

#<:plvrmove

; PRINT THE

214:

024D 85 05

STR

PTR

.: -VOUR MOVE--

216:

024F fl9 03

LDR

#>PLVRMOVE

MESSRGE

218:

0251 85 06

STR

PTR+1

220:

0253 20 EE 02

JSR

MESSRGE

;displav it

222:

0256 20 RF 88

GET

J3R

GETHXV

;WflIT FOR PLflVERS

224:

0259 C9 34

CMP

#*34

; MOVE

226:

025B B0 F9

ECS

GET

JBRRNCH if KEV>-4-'

228:

025D C9 31

CMP

#*31

230:

025F 90 F5

BCC

GET

.iBRRNCH IF KEVC-l-'

232:

0261 38

SEC

.: CONVERT FROM R3CII

234:

0262 E9 30

SBC

#$30

.:T0 INTEGER

236:

0264 85 09

STR

TEMP

;KEEP IN TEMP

238:

0266 ft5 01

LDR

MRTCHES

.:MRKE SURE PLRVER

240 ■

026:3 :j:5

-■Ef

.iill:r-i T TRk£ rORE

242

0269 E5 09

SBL

yEMP

-fHRN WriRT -'3 !•■) hlLh

244:

SilfcE :30 E9

EH I

GET

jLRhriCH I- 30

246

026D 35 01

STfi

ClRTCHES

.fcL3t :3ruR£ RtSiJLr

24:5 :

026F 4C IH 02

jfip

PRINT

.. fil-tV C null HUE.

: ***]-

JflPUTER

■S MOVE***

25m:

0272 h5 01

CUMPUT

ER LBfi

fiRTCHES

; IF MRTCHES=1

^5ii! ■

0274 Cy 01

cnp

itl

.COMPUTER Ln:3T

254:

0276 110 03

BNE

CP10VE

25b-

0278 4C FiD 02

J.f'iP

FIHTSH

; JUMP I'JJTH RCC=1

253:

02 7B 4Fl

CMO'v'E

l8R

..COMPUTE -

260:

027C: 4H

l8R

.;R=4*INT(NRTCHES.-'4;i

262-

027D 0Fl

.RSL

264:

027E 0H

R:3L

266 :

027F 85 0Fl

SIR

REG

..KEEP ir IH REG

26:3 :

02S1 38

SEC

..COMPUTE -

270:

0232 fi5 01

LBR

MR rCHES

.;R=MRTCHES-REG

'■•y'j :

0234 E5 0H

S£C

REG

274:

0286 85 0,R

STR

REG

.;KEEP IT IH REG

276 :

0283 C9 01

CHP

#1

vlF REG=1 THEH

278 :

023fl m 13

BNE

CMUVE3

.;MRKE RfiNDOM MOVE

.; ***RRNriOM NUMBER GENERRTuR*.**.;

2S0 :

02SC ns

CM0VE2

CLD

,;EIHRRV RDDITION

282 :

023D R5 04

LDR

RND

.;GET RHD

284 :

023F 0H

RSL

.: COMPUTE -

296

0290 0H

RSL

,; RND=4*RND

2S3-

0291 13

CLC

290

0292 65 04

RDC

RND

.: RHD=5*RND

291:

0294 13

CLC

291

0295 €3 01

RDC

#1

.;RND=5*RHD+1

292

0297 85 04

STR

RND

294:

0299 29 03

HUD

r-:ee0000ii

.:MhKE sure 1<RHD<3

296

029B F0 EF

BEG

CMUVE2

.:NU ZERO-'S RLLOWED

293:

029D D0 12

BNE

DONE

.; BRRMCH RLWRVS

300

029F 13

CMOVE:.-

CLC

302

02R0 flS 0R

LDR

REG

.iCOMPLTE -

304 ■

02H2 69 03

RDC

#3

.:REG2=REG+3

306 :

02H4 35 0C

STR

REG2

30:3

02fi6 4H

LSR

.: COMPUTE -

310

02FI7 4ft

LSR

.; 4*IHT(REG2/4)

312

02fl3 0fl

RSL

314-

02fl9 0fl

RSL

316:

02Flfl 85 0D

SIR

TEMP2

.:hND KEEP IN TEMP2

31 S:

02FIC; 38

SEC

.: DETERMINE MOVE BV

50

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

GAMES FEATURE

23 Matches (continued)

320 :

02RD R5 vjC

FIHISH

LDR

REG2

; COMPUTING -

02flF E5 011

SEC

TEHP2

.. REG2-TEMP2

324 :

02B1 85 0E

DONE

STfl

SVMMOVE

jTHIS IS COMPUTER'S MOVE

326 :

02E3 33

SEC

323 •

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330 :

02B6 E5 0E

SEC

SVMMGVE

332 ;

02ES 35 01

STR

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;PUT RESULT EflCK

334:

02Efl fi6 0E

LDX

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..GET SEGMENT CODE

336 ;

02EC Ell £9

3C

LDR

SEGCODES.K

.:0F COMPUTER'S MOVE

333:

02BF SD 51

03

STR

COMPEVTE+1

.; STORE IN MESSflGE

340 ■

02C2 fi9 44

LDfl

#<;COMPMOVE

ipRINT THE

342:

02C4 85 05

STfl

PTR

;'I SELECT X'

344 ■■

02C6 f=l9 03

LDfl

#>COMPMOVE

.: MESSflGE

346 ■

02C8 85 06

STfl

PTR+1

34S-

02Cfl 20 EE

02

JSR

MESSAGE

..DISPLflV IT

350 :

02Cri 4C Ifl

02

JMP

PRINT

.; CONTINUE

352:

02D0 fl5 00

LOST

Llifl

MOVE

.; SOMEONE LOST

354 :

02D2 C9 01

CMP

#1

;WHO IS IT PRINT

356 :

02114 F0 0H

EEQ

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;IF M0VE=1 THEN PLflVER

358:

02D6 fl9 57

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»<COMPLOSE

; PRINT THE

360:

02D8 35 05

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PTR

.; ' I LOSE . . '

362:

02DH Fl9 03

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.; MESSflGE

364:

02111:: 85 06

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'Jb6 :

02DE D0 08

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.: ERRHCH flLWflVS !

368:

02Ee h9 21!

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»<:plvrlose

.: PRINT THE

370:

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372 :

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.: MESSAGE

374 :

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376:

02ES 20 EE

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378:

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.; START ALL OVER

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336 :

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396 :

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478:

0339 00 76

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482:

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484:

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00

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New Publications

(contiimed)

features; Programming the Joystick;
Backgammon; SMARTY; BOMBER;
ROBOT ATTACK; BALL; SMART; BAR-
RIER; KNIGHT-BATTLE; CALENDAR;
GUNFIGHT; Appendix; The Video Pro-
cessor "ANTIC" and the Atari 400/800;
Display List Interrupts and the Atari, Atari
400/800 and CTLA/GTIA; The Atari
400/800 and its Character Set.

Apple n Assembly Language, by Mar-
vin L. De Jong. Howard W. Sams &
Co., Inc. (4300 West 62nd St., In-
dianapolis, IN 46268), 1982, 334 pages,
5W X 8V4 inches, paperback.
ISBN: 0-672-21894-1 $15.95

This is a 6502 assembly-language man-
ual written for the beginning assembly-
language programmer on the Apple II.
Dr. De Jong introduces each topic in a
building-block concept, starting with a
description of a microcomputer and
continuing through interrupt program-
ming and real-time applications. The
book is carefully written and well il-
lustrated with programming examples.
The only possible flaw with the book is
that it quickly gets technical after the
first half dozen chapters. If the reader
were truly a beginner, he would find
the material difficult.

CONTENTS: The Microcomputer System;
Writing and Executing Simple Assembly-
Language Programs; Branches and Loops;
Logical Operations and Shift and Rotate
Operations; Arithmetic Operations; Ad-
dressing Modes: Indexed Addressing; Sub-
routines, The Stack and Interrupts; Addi-
tional Programming Topics; Programming
with the 6522; Applications; Decimal,
Binary, and Hexadecimal Number Systems;
Additional Circuits and Programs; Pin Dia-
grams of Some Integrated Circuits; Index.

Phil Daley
MICRO Staff

Kids and the Apple, by Edward H.

Carlson. Reston Publishing Company,

Inc. (Reston, VA), 1982, 218 pages,

paperback.

ISBN: 0-8359-3669-4 $19.95

This book teaches Applesoft BASIC on
both disk-based or cassette Apple
systems to children from 10-14 years
old. The book is intended for self-
study, but may also be used in a
classroom setting. The lessons contain
explanations, examples, exercises, and
review questions. Notes for the instruc-
tor summarize the lesson material, pro-
vide helpful hints, and give good
review questions.

CONTENTS: Introduction; Graphics,
Games, and All That; Advanced
Programming. JVICftO"

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

51

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*Appte-Mate is a trademark of Quentin Research, Inc.,
which does not manufacture Apple computers.

GAMES FEATURE

Solve the Pagoda Puzzle
Using Recursive Assembly

by Sherwood Hoyt

This routine solves the
"Pagoda" or "Tower of Hanoi"
puzzle, using a recursive
subroutine — one that calls
itself. Four stacl(s are
maintained for passing
parameters.

Pagoda Solver

requires:

6502 computer with 2K
(uses 13 page-zero iocations,
and cliaracter OUTPUT and
iNPUT routines — provided for
PET, Appie, and OSI OS-65D).

The Pagoda Puzzle is a game using a
rectangular platform with three pegs
sticking vertically out of it. The peg
sticking out of the left side of the board
has a number (usually eight) of discs
stacked on it. The discs get smaller as
you near the top of the stack [see figure
1). The object is to move the discs,
which could be called a tower, from the
peg on the left of the board to the peg on
the right. There are only two rules to
the game; move only one disc at a time,
and never put a disc on top of another
one so that the larger one is on top.

According to Peter Grogono's book
PTOgTomming in Pascal [where I first
read about this game and the algorithm
to solve it), the game was accompanied
with literatvuie saying that priests in
the Temple of Bramah played the
game. When they finished their game,
it signified the end of the world. Ap-
parently the priests were playing with
64 discs. It would take roughly 18.4
billion billion moves to solve a 64-disc
game. According to Peter Grogono, and
some rough calculations that I made, it
would take a powerful computer about
a million years (if it could run that
long] just to compute, not to mention
print, the moves for a 64-disc game. It
would take my OSI computer about 60
million years.

One function that can be used to
calculate the number of moves for n
discs is ( (2An)-l). A 4-disc game
would take 15 moves; eight discs, 255.
The number of moves the game takes
as the number of discs goes up is
exponential.

Recuision and the Towei

The recursive procedvuie to move
the tower is quite simple; see listing 1 .
Let's assume that the pegs are num-
bered from one to three. The tower is
stacked on peg 1, and is supposed to be
moved to peg 3. The procedvuie is called
initially with four parameters.
NMDISC is the number of discs on the
tower, FROM is set to peg 1, TO is set
to peg 3, and USING is set to peg 2.

and USING receives the value of TO.
The same thing is done in the third
statement with FROM and USING.
The second statement prints a move; a
disc is taken off peg FROM and put on-
to peg TO. The algorithm in this pro-
cedure is used in the assembly-
language program to solve the puzzle.
The trick to a recursive procedure is
in maintaining distinct values for the
local variables of the procedure, so that
when the procedure calls itself the
variables have separate values, though
the names of the variables may be the
same. To accomplish this, the variable
values can be put on a stack [a block of
memory pointed to by a stack pointer]
in much the same way that return ad-
dresses for a JSR are put on the 6502
stack. In a procedure, this is done to be

Figure 1

I

I

I

DDO

DDDDD

DDDODDD

DDDOODDOD

DODDODODDDD

DDDODDDOOODDO

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

DDDODODODDDODDDDD

THE F>AC3aDA F*LJZZI_E

The first operation of the procedvuie
is to check the number of discs left on
the tower. If the number is not greater
than zero, control returns to the calling
procedure. If the condition is true
(NMDISOO), then the three state-
ments between the IF...ENDIF are ex-
ecuted. The first statement is a recur-
sive call. You can see that the number
of discs passed is equal to the current
number of discs minus 1, and para-
meters TO and USING are passed so
that TO receives the value of USING

able to pull the values out of the "deep
freeze" when control returns to the
procedure. When a procedure is called,
and there may be indefinitely many
nested calls, its values are pushed on
top of the stack. For the program to
remember where the top of the stack is,
a pointer is used that always points to
the top. In my assembly-language pro-
gram, the pointer is register Y, and it is
incremented before a value is pushed to
the stack, and decremented to pop a
value off of the stack.

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

53

SERIOUS CBM® USERS
NEW FROM KILO

"The Serious Solution"

6809 + MICROWARE OS-9* + BASIC09*

Tired of the frustrating limitations of Commodore Basic? Need to get a
serious programming language for your Commodore computer? KILO of-
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Level I Operating System in ROM, BasicOQ* and 16K RAM expansion.
The KILO 6809 adaptor board simply plugs in to your Commodore com-
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Expansion RAM can be used to replace protection ROMs with 6502.

With The Serious Solution, all Microware software can now be run on
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interpreter friendliness and superlative debugging facilities. Option
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Please note: The OS-9 distribution disk format is not compatible with
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KILO CORPORATION • P.O. Box 7530 • Ann Arbor, Ml 48107 • 313 668-1566

54

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 19£

GAMES FEATURE!

Listing 1: Recursive Procedure In
Pseudo-Code

PROCEDURE MOVE RECEIVE
[NMDISC,FROM,TO,USING)

IF NMDISC > THEN

CALL MOVE WITH(NMDISC - I,
FROM,USING,TO)

PRINT FROM," -* ",TO

CALL MOVE WITH(NMDISC - 1,
USING,TO,FROM)

ENDIF

END PROCEDURE

The Recursive Assembly-Language
Program

In the assembly-language program
(listing 2), there are four zero-page loca-
tions (lines 130-160) for passing values
to the recursive procedure labeled
MOVE [lines 530-820). Values are
passed from recursive procedural calls
via these locations, as well as initially
from the calling routine. The calling
routine (lines 470-490) jumps to lines
1590-2360 to initialize the parameters
and stack pointers. Register Y is used as
the stack index, and is initialized to
$FF. When MOVE is called, register Y
is incremented before the values passed
are actually pushed on the stack, so
that the procedure, when first called,
will increment register Y to $00, then
push the values on the stack indexed by
register Y.

The stack pointers are initialized
next. There are four stacks, one stack
for each value that is passed. When the
procedure is called, register Y is incre-
mented so that it points to a new stack
position. The total number of bytes
used in each stack for any given game is
equal to the number of discs on the
tower. Each stack occupies one page
($00-$FF) of memory. Actually, the
stack size only needs to be one half of a
page because the number of JSRs that
can be executed, and therefore the
number of recursive calls and separate
values, is limited by the 6502's one-
page stack, which can only hold $80
two-byte return addresses. The largest
tower that this program can move has
approximately $70 discs on it, which
allows part of the stack to have been used
already by the calling routine. However,
having a maximum game of $70 discs is
obviously no problem if it would take a
computer a million years just to solve a
$40 (decimal 64) disc game!

After the initialization routine
stores zero in the location that holds

nm

Listing

2

0010

;««•«««««««»««*•*•«•««««««••««•

0020

:«

0030

.!*

PRGODH

SOLVER

0040

!*

0050

;*

by Sherwood Hoyt

0060

!*

0070

7««««««««««»««*******«*«*«***««

0080

;

0090

; P»reme-t.ers passed

0100

!

0110

■ ba

»54

)PET

0120

J0S-65D

—*10> Hpple— »-f0

0130

nmd i sc

.de

=

0140

■from

.de

nmdisc-»-l

0150

■to

.de

^rotn+1

0160

uslncf

.de

to^H

0170

;

0180

) s^t

ack r>-tr'

E to local ya

lues

0190

;

0200

rif&tr

.de

usirrg+l

0210

■fp^tr

.de

rlPtr■^^

0220

■tiftr

.de

■fptr■^^

0230

up^tr

.de

tptr■^2

0240

>

0250

.! S^t

ack location

0260

;

0270

.ba

*1800

,!*4000 — 0S-65D; *800 — Rpp I

0280

ns^t*ck

.de

=

0290

■fs^t»ck

.de

r.stack■^»100

0300

■ts^tack

.de

■fstack-t»100

0310

us^tack'

.de

tstack■^*100

0320

f

0330

J Thiscellaneous

0340

f

0350

rmoKies

.de

uptr^^2

; current number o^f moves

0360

i riput.

.de

»^f^fc^f

.iget character

0370

;Rpple-

-*-fcl0ii>

0S-65D— »2339

0380

ou^tpu^t

.de

»-i'-i'd2

;output character

0390

^apple-

-t-fded,!

0S-65D — *2343

0400

re^turrr

.de

*0d

0410

\-e

.de

*0a

0420

>

0430

.ba

ustack'<-*100

)0S-65D— »317e

0440

5

0450

;

0460

; ca

1 1 major subrou^tires

0470

;

icee-

20

88

IC

0480

jsr

Init

;init. Ptr's A parameters

1C03-

20

09

IC

0490

jsr

move

;call proc. to move toiuer

1C06-

4C

70

ID

0500
0510

;

Jmp

done

0520

; recursive

procedt.4re to move toiuer

0530

;

1C09-

20

FI9

IC

0540

mok^e

jsr

push

^push values to stack

1C0C-

Bl

S8

0550

Ida

<nptr>,y

tne-l: * a-f discs le-ft.

icaE-

F0

20

0560
0570

)

beoi

ret

;i^f = then pop procedure

1C10-

Bl

58

0580

'Ida

<nptr>,y

;get values to toe passed

1C12-

85

54

0590

s-ta.

Xinmdisc

1C14-

C6

54

0600

dec

•nmd i sc

;de. # o^f diiscs on tower

1C16-

Bl

5R

0610

Ida

<-l'Ptr>,y

1C18-

35

55

0620

e-tA

•■from

ICIR-

Bl

5C

0630

Ida

<tptr>,y

ICIC-

85

57

0640

s^ta

•using

; store 'to' in 'usinoi'

ICIE-

81

5E

0650

Ida

<uptr> ,y

ic2e-

85

56

0660

Eta

•to

;store 'using' in 'to'

1C.22-

20

09

IC

0670
0630

}

Jsr

moye

1C25-

20

3F

IC

0690
0700

;

Jsr

prmoye

;displa;.' a move

1C28-

81

58

0710

Ida

<nptr-j ^i'

;pass vaUjes to next proc.

1C2R-

85

54

0720

5ta

•nmdisc

1C2C-

C6

54

0730

dec

•nmdisc

;dec. # OH* discs on tower

1C2E-

81

5R

0740

Ida

<^fptr>,y

1C30-

35

57

0750

sta

•usinoi

.(Store '-from' In 'using'

1 C32-

81

5C

0760

Ida

<tptr>,y

1C34-

85

56

0770

St a

•to

1C36-

81

5E

0780

Ida

<uptr> ^y

1C38-

85

55

0790

sta

♦■from

;store 'using' in '■from'

lC3fi-

20

09

IC

0800
0810

f

Jsr

mo',Je

.ido recursive call

1C30-

S8

0820

rs-t

dey

.:pop procedure -from stack

1C3E-

eo

0330

rts

(continued)

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

55

I GAMES FEATURE I

Figure 2: Sample Runs

ENTER TOWER SIZE: 3

0001

1 — 3

0002

1 — 2

0003

3 — 2

0004

1 — 3

0005

2 - 1

0006

2-3

0007

1 — 3

• •• DONE •**

ENTER TOWER SIZE: 4

0001

1 — 2

0002

I — 3

0003

2—3

0004

I — 2

0005

3 — 1

0006

3—2

0007

1 - 2

0008

I - 3

0009

2—3

OOOA

2 — I

OOOB

3 — I

OOOC

2—3

OOOD

I — 2

OOOE

1 — 3

OOOF

2—3

• * • DONE * * *

the current number of moves (lines
I830-I850), it stores the initial values
for the FROM, USING, and TO pegs
(lines I890-I940). Then in lines
1980-2030 the prompt "ENTER
TOWER SIZE:" is displayed, and lines
2080-2360 input the user response. The
input routine will only accept a one- or
two-digit hexadecimal number. If a
one-digit number is entered, the return
key must follow it. If two digits are
entered, the program will continue ex-
ecution and no return needs to be
entered.

The next call that the calling
routine makes, after initialization, is to
the recursive procedure; MOVE. The
first operation is to push the variables it
receives onto the stack. This allows the
variables for each successive calling of
the procedure to be maintained sepa-
rately. When the procedure is finished,
the stack index will be decremented
(line 810), effectively popping the
variables off of the stack. The only
other thing done with the variables is
for the procedure to call itself with the
variables (in slightly modified form) as
parameters. This the procedure per-
forms twice. Also, between the two
recursive calls, the procedure calls
PRMOVE from line 860-1030 to display
a move. The variables FROM and TO
are passed to it. FROM is the peg to

Listing 2 (continued)

0840

;

0850

.

print

a move

0860

;

1C3F-

20

6D

IC

0870

prmoye

Jsr

prnum

; print current # o-f moves

1C42-

Bl

50

0880

Ida

<.fptr>,y

1C44-

09

30

0890

ora

#»3a

1C46-

20

D2

FF

0900

jsr

output

.:print peo( # to take disc

1C49-

FI2

01

0910

Idx

•«01

.;print ' -> '

1C4B-

BD

67

IC

0920

Pi

Ida

P3,x

1C4E-

F0

06

0930

be«i

P2

icsa-

20

02

FF

0940

Jsr

output

1C53-

ee

0950

inx

1C.S4-

De

F5

0960

tone

pi

1C56-

Bl

5C

0970

P2

Ida

< tptr :> , y

1C58-

09

30

0980

ora

•«30

ICSH-

20

D2

FF

0990

Jsr

output

sprint peo|# to put disc on

1C5D-

FI9

0D

1000

Ida

•return

,»neui line

ICSF-

20

D2

FF

1010

Jsr

output

1C62-

FI9

eo

1020

Ida

• 1-f

1C64-

20

02

FF

1030

Jsr

output

1C67-

60

1040

p3

rts

1C68-

20

20

se

1050

.toy

' -> ' 00

1C6B-

20

00

1060

>

1070

'

print

current number

o-f moves

1080

>

1C6D-

ES

60

1090

prnum

inc

«nmove£

;bump # o-f moves up one

1C6F-

D0

02

1100

tone

prnum 1

1C71-

£6

61

1110

inc

•nraoves+1

1C73-

HS

61

1120

prnuffi 1

Ida

«nmovestl

1C75-

4FI

1130

Isr

a

;£hi-ft hiorh nibble riorht

1C.76-

4n

1140

lir

a

1C77-

4fl

1150

Isr

a

1C78-

4n

1160

Isr

a

1C79-

20

90

IC

1170

Jsr

dspbyt

Jdisplay +irst di^it

1C7C-

H5

61

1180

Ida

»nmove£+l

ic7e-

20

90

IC

1190

jsr

dspbyt

.(display second diorit

1C81-

05

60

1200

Ida

«nmoves

1C83-

4FI

1210

Isr

a

;shi+t hioih nibble right

1C84-

4n

1220

Isr

a

1C85-

4fl

1230

Isr

a

1C86-

40

1240

Isr

a

1C87-

20

90

IC

1250

Jsr

dspbyt

jdisplay third diait

ICSfi-

HS

60

1260

Ida

*nmoves

1C8C-

20

90

IC

1270

Jsr

dspbyt

^display fourth dioiit

1C8F-

09

20

1280

Ida

•«2e

^output 2 blanks

1C91-

20

02

FF

1290

Jsr

output

1C94-

09

20

1300

Ida

•«20

1C96-

20

02

FF

1310

Jsr

output

1C39-

60

1320
1330

>

rts

1340

f

convert byt» to aicii

and display

1350

>

ICSfl-

29

OF

1360

elsployt

and

•»0-f

;clear high nibble

1C9C-

09

30

1370

ora

•»30

; convert to ascil

icse-

C9

30

1380

cmp

•«3a

;check -for 'a'-'.f'

icne-

90

03

1390

tocc

dspbl

^branch i-f not

1CH2-

18

1400

clc

ICHS-

£9

07

1410

adc

»»07

ICfiS-

20

02

FF

1420

dspbl

Jsr

output

jdisplay diorit

ICfiS-

SO

1430
1440

1

rts

1450

f

push

procedure values

on stacks

1460

y

1CFI9-

C3

1470

push

iny

;bump index +or new values

ICHH-

05

54

1430

Ida

itirimd i sc

.jpush # o-f discs to stack

ICHC-

91

58

1490

sta

< nptr > , y

ICHE-

05

55

1500

Ida

••fronr

;push '-from' peg to stack

1CB0-

91

50

1510

sta

t-fp-tr) ,y

1CB2-

05

56

1320

Ida

•to

;push 'to' peg to stack

1CB4-

91

5C

1530

sta

<tptr) ,y

1CS6-

OS

57

1540

Ida

4usin9

;push 'using' peg to stack

1CS8-

91

5e

1550

sta

<uptr> ,y

ICBFI-

60

1560
1570

>

rts

1580

,

initialize «tack ptr'

s

1590

>

ICBB-

flO

FF

1600

Inl-t

Idy

»»-f-f

;set stack index

1610

;9«'ts bumped -to O -for Is-t

values

ICBD-

09

00

1620

Ida

•l,nstack

;set 'nmdisc' stack ptr.

ICBF-

85

58

1630

sta

•nptr

ICCl-

09

18

1640

Ida

»h,nstack

1CC3-

85

59

1650
1660

;

sta

•nptr+1

1CC5-

89

00

1670

Ida

»l,-f stack

J set '-from' stack ptr.

1C.C7-

85

50

1680

sta

••fptr

1CC9-

09

19

1690

Ida

#h,-f stack

ICCB-

85

5B

1700
1710

)

sta

•+ptr+l

ICCD-

09

00

1720

Ida

•l,tstack

;set 'to' stack ptr.

ICCF-

85

5C

1730

sta

• tptr

ICDl-

09

10

1740

Ida

•h,tstack

1CD3-

85

50

1750
1760

>

sta

•tptr+1

1CD5-

09

00

1770

Ida

tUustack

;set 'using' stack ptr.

1CD7-

85

5e

1780

sta

•uptr

1CD9-

09

IB

1790

Ida

»h,ustack

ICDB-

85

5F

1800

1310

>

sta

•uptr+1

1820

f —

set number o-f moves to zero

1330

>

fmntinu

56

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 198;

GAMES FEATURE

Listing 2 (continued)

ICDO- H9 00

1S40

Ida »*00

ICOF- 85 60

1850

s-ta «nmo<jes

ICEl- 85 61

1860
1870 >

s-ta «nfflo<jes+l

1880 >

InitlaUze beopinninop

parame-lers

1890 )

1CE3- FI9 01

1900

Ida •«01

ICES- 85 55

1910

s-ta •-from

*se-t '-from' -to pe« #1

1CE7- R9 03

1920

Ida ««03

1CE9- 83 36

1930

s-ta •-to

^le-l '-to' -to peg #3

ICEB- FI9 02

1940

Ida ««02

ICED- 85 37

1950
1960 )

s-ta •using

;ie-t 'using' -to peg *2

1970 ,

display promp-t

1980 )

ICEF- fl2 00

1990 prompt Idx •*00

ICFl- BD FC IC

2000

Ida pro3,x

1CF4- F0 IC

2010

beoi en-ter

1CF6- 20 D2 FF

2020

Jsr ou-tpu-t

1CF9- ES

2030

inx

ICFB- D0 F5

2040

bne promp-t-t-2

ICFC- 00 00 0D

2050 pro3

.by l-f l-f re-turn 'ENTER TOWER SIZE. ' 00

ICFF- 45 4E 54

1D02- 45 52 20

1D05- 54 4F 57

1D08- 45 52 20

1D08- 53 49 5FI

1D0E- 43 3fl 20

IDll- 00

2060 ;

2070 ;

inpu-t number o-f discs

on -tower

2080 >

1012- 20 CF FF

2090 •n-t»r

Jsr inpu-t

1D15- C9 0D

2100

cmp »re-turn

1D17- F0 28

2110

beoi en-t3

^done inpu-t-ting

1D19- 20 54 ID

2120

Jsr chno

IDIC- 80 F4

2130

Iocs en-ter

^no-t a hex digi-t

IDIE- 20 D2 FF

2140

Jsr ou-tpu-t

^display valid digi-t

1D21- 20 66 10

2150

Jsr s-trip

js-trip ascii -from dlgi-t

1D24- 85 54

2160

s-ta •nmdisc

js-tore -firs-t digi-t

1026- 20 CF FF

2170 .ntZ

Jsr inpu-t

1029- C9 00

2180

cmp #re-turn

102B- F0 17

2190

beoi en-t3

jdone inpu-t-ting

1020- 20 54 10

2200

Jsr chno

1D30- 80 F4

2210

toes en-t2

^no-t a hex digi-t

1032- 20 02 FF

2220

Jsr ou-tpu-t

^display valid digi-t

1035- 20 66 ID

2230

Jsr s-trip

^s-trip ascii -from digi-t

1038- 06 54
103fi- 06 54

2240
2250

as I •nmdisc
as I •nmdisc

jsi-f-t Is-t digi-t le-f-t

1D3C- 06 54

2260

as I •nmdisc

103E- 06 54

2270

»sl •nmdisc

1040- 05 54

2280

or a •nmdisc

JpacU 2nd digi-t «ii-th Is-t

1D42- 85 54

2290

s-ta •nmdisc

js-tore i-t

1044- 09 00

2300 •n't:3

Ida «l-f

J space 2 lines down

1046- 20 02 FF

2310

Jsr ou-tpu-t

1049- 09 00

2320

Ida «l-f

104B- 20 02 FF

2330

Jsr ou-tpu-t

104E- 09 00

2340

Ida #re-turn

1050- 20 02 FF

2350

Jsr ou-tpu-t

1053- 60

2360
2370 ,

r-ts

2380 , ch»cU -for ualld hex number

2390 )

1054- C9 30

2400 chno

cmp #'0

1D56- 90 0C

2410

bcc inulid

1058- C9 30

2420

cmp #' 1

1050- 90 09

2430

bcc ualid

105C- C9 41

2440

cmp H'O

105E- 90 04

2430

bcc in<jlid

1D60- C9 47

2460

cmp #'0

1062- 90 01

2470

bcc valid

1064- 33

2480 InwUd

sec

1065- 60

2490 valid
2500 ;

r-ts

2510 jstrlp

asc i i -from i npu-t

2520 )

1066- C9 41

2530 strip

cmp tt'O

1068- 30 03

2540

bcc s-t3

1060- 18

2550

clc

106B- 69 09

2360

adc •*09

^add 9 i-f digi-t 'a'-'-f'

1D60- 29 0F

2570 s-tS

and #«0-f

?s-trip ascii

106F- 60

2580
2590 ;

r-ts

2600 ; -finished mow! ha toiuer

2610 ;

1070- 02 01

2620 done

Idx WSOl

jprin-t -tha-t i-t is done

1072- 80 70 10

2630

Ida do3,x

1073- F0 06

2640

beoi do3

1D77- 20 D2 FF

2650

Jsr ou-tpu-t

1D7H- E8

2660

inx

107B- 00 F5

2670

bne dorie-f2

1070- 60

2680 do 3
2690 t

r-ts

;return -to opera-ting sys-t

107E- 00 00 00

2700

.toy l-f l-f re-turn

'••• DONE •»• l-f re-turn 00

1081- 20 20 20

1084- 20 44 4F

1D87- 4E 45 20

1080- 20 20 20

1080- 0fl 00 00

2710 }
2720

.en

take the disc from, and TO is the peg to
put the disc onto.

Trial Run

In figure 2 there are two trial runs.
The first one solves the puzzle for three
discs and the second for four discs.
Remember, the number of discs that
you enter at the prompt 'ENTER
TOWER SIZE:' is assumed to be a hex-
adecimal number. A carriage return is
required if the number entered has only
one digit. (Ed. Note: The routine is
written to echo the character received
to the screen. If your machine's INPUT
routine does this automatically, the
character will appear twice on the
screen. You may want to skip the
echoes in lines 2130 and 2210.) A four-
digit hexadecimal number in the first
column of output shows the number of
moves. This number will turn over to
'0000' after it reaches 'FFFF'. The
number in the second column tells
which peg to take the disc off of and the
number in the fourth column tells
which peg to put the disc onto.

The author may be contacted at Rt. 1, Box
56, Sand Springs, OK 74063.

ilMCftO

/

»i • 1 I ^

MEMOREX

\ferbatim.

maxell.

BASF

wabash

Diskettes and all your media needs
Our REGULAR prices are SPECIAL

CALL FREE (800| 421-3957

C.O.D. charge cards accepted.
Excellent dealer program.

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Fresno, CA 93711

/7,Caic<2U (2091 221-1118

FootkiU of The Sierras

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

57

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810

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GAMES FEATURE

VIC/PET GOMOKU

by David Malm berg

A fast, machine-language
version of the popular oriental
game, with three user-selectable
styles for the computer's play.

GOMOKU

requires:

VIC with 3K or more extra

RAM and joystick

or PET with 8K or more

GOMOKU is an ancient oriental game
of strategy. According to Edward
Lasker's book Go and GOMOKU
(Dover, 1960), GO means "five" and
MOKU means "stones." To play, you
and your opponent alternate placing
stones on the intersections of the lines
of a square grid. One person plays with
white stones and the other uses black
stones. As the name implies, the object
of the game is to have your stones oc-
cupy five adjacent points on a grid —
vertically, horizontally, or diagonally
— before your opponent gets five of his
stones in a row. You must get exactly
five in a row to win. Connecting two
chains of stones less than five long to
form a chain greater than five stones
long will not win the game.

The most obvious way a player can
force a win is to create a situation where
he has four stones in a row with both
ends of the chain open for potential
stones. The opponent will be able to
block only one end of the chain, so the
player can win by placing a stone at the
other end. To reach a forced win with
an "open-four," the player must first
create an "open-three." Whenever a
player threatens a win by making an
open-three, the opponent must imme-
diately play a stone at one end of this
chain of three in order to avoid losing
the game two moves later.

As GOMOKU is played in both
Japan and China, only one type of move
is illegal: a participant cannot play a
stone that creates more than one open-
three simultaneously. The oriental

originators of GOMOKU felt that the
game would not be enough of a
challenge if this type of easy win were
permitted.

VIC/PET GOMOKU

The computerized version of GO-
MOKU allows the enforcement of the
no-multiple open-threes rule to be op-

tional. However, remember that if you
elect to play without this restriction,
the computer will play accordingly.

VIC /PET GOMOKU plays an ex-
cellent game. Its main counting and
evaluation routines are written in
machine language for increased speed
and enhanced logic. The program takes
10 to 30 seconds between moves, de-
pending on the density of stones on the

Listing 1

1 RL=22 :S=256*PEEK';648)-l :fl=3e72Q : IFPEEK<643) = 16THEHH=33792

2 FH=RND';-T1.1 :P0KE36S79,25 ;DD=37154 :P1=371 51 :P2=37152 : V=36878 lE=36876

3 F0RI=lT08:REflDX:P0KE951+I,X:HEXTI :DHTH1 ,21 ,22,23, 129, 149, 150, 151 :FH=ie

4 l1L=PEEK<43?+256*PEEK<44.1+3333lB=l1L/256:DIMD<8.1,V;i<14,14:>

5 F0RI = lT013!REfiDX:P0KEML+X,El:NEXT

6 DfiTfi2,22,51 ,54,75,91 ,104,125,136,161,178,215,256

7 e=e+l lF0RI = lT04:REHDX:P0KEML+X,BlNEXT:DHTFll9.,3e6,351,384

S F0RI = lT08:REl=rDD':i) :NEXT :Dl=lTH-22,-21 , 1 ,23,22,21 ,-1 ,-23

10 H=87:C=ai !NP*="C" :n=0:H=0:PRINT"3 ailCRO OOMOKU" : IN*="N"

11 PRINT"ig ev DHVID MflLMBERG"

12 PRINT"SS^ftNT TO MOVE FIRST ".; :G0SUB85 : PRINT

13 IFLEFT*';iH*,l> = "V"THENHP*="H"

14 IN*="W" !PRINT"WHITE OR BLOCK ",• :G0SUB85 SPRINT : IFIN*="B"THEHH=S1 :C=87

15 P0KE95e,C:P0KE951,H:IN*="2" lPRINT"SHOW SHOULD I PLHV : " sPR INT" Is CHUTIOUS"

16 PRINT" 2! BfiLFlNCED" -.PRINT" 3: ftOGRESSIVE ";

17 G0SUBS5:PRINT:X=VF|L';LEFT*<IH*,1>:)

18 IFX>30RX<1THENPRINT:PRIHT"1 ,2, OR 3 ONLY ";!G0T017

19 ZZ=e:PRIHT"M=Ll=rV OF'EN 3'S RULE " ,- :G0SUB95 iPRINT : IFIN*<>"V"THENZZ=1

28 FC=6+2*X:N=S:G=7:MT=14*14:F0RI = lT014:F0RJ=lT014:V;i<I,J>=e:NEXTJ:NEXTI :0=1

21 PRINTC.HR*<2e.-<"a ^ICRO GOMOKU"

22 PRINTTHB';0+2)"HHBCDEFGHIJKLMN" :PRINTTFlB<O.V'ai , i i i i i " :FORI=2T013

23 PRINTTFIB';0-ORIGHT*',STR*<l:',2.1;" I I M I I I I I I I I I I "

24 NEXTI :PRIHTTfle<:0-l.V'14 ' " !pRINTTflB'Xn-3r< ; "HIV MOVE:"

25 PRINTC:HR*.;i44:);UH«.!CHR«<123+H>,;"BSISiaarCHR«':i28+C>

26 IFNP*-:>"H"THEN31

27 PRINTCHR*<3a);WH*;"liaT'0UB!aiBsaiMIME" :T=H iPOKEV, 15 :F0RK=195T024e :U=TI

28 P0K"EE,K;IFTI<U+1THEH28

29 NEXT:POKEE,0:GOSUB96:M=M+1 : VJi'C I , J)=-3e00e :MT=I1T-1 :IFU=HTHEN76

30 IFMT=0THEN75

31 PRINTCHR*<3e);WH*;"Hr'0UMaaKBiMI»1EB" : IFM=eTHENI=7 : J=S !G0TO36

32 0M=C;G0SUe46:MX=-lE15:F0RMI = lT014iF0RMJ=lT014:IFV;i<MI,MJ.l<MXTHEN35

33 IFV;-;<MI ,MJ)=MXHNDRND'; 1 >>.2THEN35

34 XJ=MJ+0+2 ■.XI=MI+4 -.L-S+RLWiIXI-l )+XJ :MX=V;';';MI ,Mj;i : I=MI : J=I1J

35 NEXTMJ.-NEXTMI

36 B*="" :IFI<laTHENB*=" "

37 PRINTCHR*<2S.l;MV*THB'-.0+12:),-B*;CHR*<J+64>MID*<STR*';l."',2.1 :N=I :G-J :CL=J+0+2

38 R-I+4:L=S+RL*<R-1)+CL

39 P=PEEK';L.1 :P0KEV,15!F0RK=1T06:P0KEL,P:U=TI .■P0KEE,135

40 IFTKU+STHEN40

41 POKEL,C:POKEL+fi,0iU=TI :POKEE,240

42 IFTKU+8THEN42

43 NEXTK:POKEV,0 5POKEE,0:T=ClGOSUB68:MT=MT-l :IFW=C:THEN76

44 IFMT=0THEN75

45 QM=H IG0SUB46 : Vri< I , J>=-30000 JG0T027

46 1 1 = 1 :JJ=JsP0KE991,QM!F0RIN=-lT01 lF0RJN=-lT01 : IFIN=e(=lNDJN=0THENHEXTJN

47 F0RKN=iT04sI = II+KN»IN:J=JJ+KN«JN!lFI<lORIM4THENKN=4:G0T067

48 IFJ<10RJ>14THENKN=4 !G0T067

49 CL=J+0+2 !R=I+4 !L=S+RL»',"R-1 )+CL :P=PEEK<:L.") : IFP=C0RP=HTHEN67

50 POKEL,P+12S!VJ:';I,J:)=0:LH=INT';L/256.^ :LL=L-LH*256!POKE962,LL:POKE963,LH

51 POKEL,P ;SVS<ML> :ZP=PEEK';973:) : IFZP=0THEN55

52 F0RV=1T0ZP lNC=PEEK';974+V? :NH=PEEKi:982+V) :F=FH s IFNH=0THENHH=NC- :F=FC

53 v;i < I , J :> =wy. ■; i , j:> + 1 nt < f*nh#nh > : nextv : ne=peek ■; 993 :>

54 IFNE<>0THENV«< I,J>=Vy.< I , j:)-NE*NE

55 NH=0:IFPEEK';992)=0THEN67

56 FORV=1TO4!Q=0:Z=O'CV;>:T=PEEK<L+Z) i IFT<>PEEK<L-Z:)THEN€6

57 IFT=H0RT=CTHEN59

5« 0OT066 (continued)

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

59

GAMES FEATURE

Listing 1 (continued)

59 Z=D < V > I QOSUeS llIFPEEK<L><>TTHENQ=Q-l

60 I FQ>4THEHQ=0 : G0T066

61 IFQ<4THEN64

62 IFT=CTHEHQ=2

63 Q=Q+11 :G0T066

64 IF<Hl=HORNl=C>flNDNl=N2THENQ=0

65 I FQ=3flND < N 1 OHflNDN 1 OC >flHD < N2<>HflNDN2<>C. ■) THEHQ=8

66 HH=NH+Q:NEXTV!IFHH>0THEHVX<I,J> = INT<FH*NH*NH.')+VX<I,J)

67 HEXTKH;HEXTJHlMEXTIN:I=II ;J=JJ:RETURN

68 H3=e : FORV= 1 T04 I Z=D < V ) : GOSUBS 1

69 I FQ=3THEN I FN 1 OCflNDH 1 <>32flNDH2<>Cl=rHDN2<>32THENN3=N3+ 1

70 IFQ=5THEHW=T:G0T072

71 NEXTV

72 I FQ=5flNDW=HTHENFH=FH* 1 . 2

73 IFZZTHENN3=0

74 RETURN

75 PRIHTMV«"JOSTflLEMflTE" iG0T083

76 IFHP*="C"flHDW=CTHEMM=M+l

77 IFW=HTHEHPRIHTMV*"Mf'OU WON IH"M" MOVES"

78 IFW=CTHEHPRINTMV*"BI WON IH"f1" MOVES"

79 IFM<10THENPRINT"GOOD GAME!"

30 IFM>9flNDM<20THENPRINT"CLOSE GfiME ! "

81 I FM> 1 9flHOM<30THENPR INT" GREAT GAME ! "

32 IFM>29THENPRINT"FflNTflSTIC GAME!"

S3 PRINT"WANT TO PLAV AGAIN" ; iGOSUBSS l IFLEFT*< IN*, 1 > = "V"THEH10

84 END

85 ZC.= 1 :ZT=0

86 GETZ*lIFZ*<>""THEN89

87 IFTI>=ZTTHENPRINTMID*<"? " ,ZC, 1 > ; "||" ; :ZT=TI+30 !ZC.=3-ZC

88 G0T086

89 IFZ*<>CHR*<13>THENIN*=Z*

90 PRINT"? "; IN* ;: RETURN

91 Q=l lLN=L+Z

92 IFPEEK<LN>=TTHENQ=Q+1 :LN=LN+Z IG0T092

93 N1=PEEK<LN> :LN=L-Z

94 IFPEEK';LN.')=TTHENQ=Q+1 :LN=LN-Z:G0T094

95 N2=PEEK',LN> (RETURN

96 XJ=G+0+2lXI=N+4lL=S+RL*<XI-l>+XJ;P=PEEK<L> !FS=T : IFFS=PTHENFS=128+FS

97 P0KEL,FS:FZ=P:ZT=TI+9

98 POKEE , : DX=0 I DV=0 :FB=0 : GOSUB 112:1 FDXORDVORFBTHEN 101

99 IFTKZTTHEN98

100 Z=FZ!FZ=PEEK<L> :POKEL,Z :ZT=TI+9 :G0T098

101 IFFBTHEN109

102 P0KEL,PlN=N+DV:G=G+DX:P0KEE,135!U=TI

103 IFTKU+9THEN103

104 IFN>14THENN=1

105 IFN<:iTHENN=14

106 IFG>14THENG=1

107 IFG<1THENG=14

108 GOT096

109 IFP=C0RP=HTHEH98

lie G0SUB681IFN3MTHEN98

1 1 1 POKEL ,T:POKEL+A,0: POKE V , 8 I POKEE , : 1 =N : J=G : RETURN

1 1 2 POKEDD , 1 27 : B=PEEK < P2 > AND 1 23 : J0=- < B=0 > : POKEDD , 255 ; B=PEEK < P 1 >

113 J2=-<<BAND16>=0.') : J3=-< <BANO4>=0.') :FB=-< <BAN032.')=a> l Jl=-< (BANDS.'J'O)

114 IFJ0THENDX=1

115 IFJ1THENDV=1

116 IFJ2THENDX=-1

117 IFJ3THENDV=-1

118 RETURN
READY.

grid. By comparison, the first version of
GOMOKU I wrote was entirely in
BASIC and took from three to six
minutes between moves — and it did
not play half as well as the current ver-
sion. VIC/PET GOMOKU should be
capable of holding its own against even
very good human players — especially
if the computer moves first.

VIC/PET GOMOKU has three
styles of play: cautious, balanced, and
aggressive. These styles refer to how
much the computer will weigh defen-
sive vs. offensive moves in its evalua-
tion of the merits of its next move. If
you select a balanced style, both of-
fense and defense have equal weights.
You will find the computer will win
more games when it is playing aggres-
sively. However, when you select the
cautious style for the computer, you
may not be able to win often because
many games will end up in stalemate;

60

the computer will unrelentlessly block
your chances for any kind of a winning
pattern. When the computer loses a
game, it will automatically play a more
aggressive game the next time.

The VIC Version

The VIC version of GOMOKU
needs at least 3K of additional memory.
This can be obtained by using any of
the standard VIC Super Expander, 3K,
8K, or 16K memory cartridges.

The program is written in two parts.
Listing 1, the main part, is written in
BASIC and should be keyed-in exactly
as shown in the listing (i.e., with no
unnecessary spaces to conserve mem-
ory). Listing 2, a hex-dump of the
machine-language routines, shows the
machine code being located from $1300
to $14AB. These locations assume you
are using either the Super Expander or
the 3K memory cartridges, which cause

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

the start of BASIC to be located at
$0400 (just like the PET). If you are
using either the 8K or 16K memory ex-
panders, this machine code should be
located from $2100 to $22AB because
the start of BASIC is relocated to $1200
by the VIC's operating system. When
you use a monitor to enter and save the
code in the hex listing, there is no need
to worry about relocating the two-byte
addresses since lines 4-6 of the BASIC
program automatically adjust them to
correspond to the memory configura-
tion of your VIC.

To create a working copy of GO-
MOKU for the VIC, first load the
BASIC portion (listing 1). Then load
the machine-language code you had
previously saved with the monitor by

Listing 2

. ; 1300

20

ED

13

fi9

00

85

5C

35

. : 130S

5D

35

48

85

49

1=15

43

35

. ; 1310

42

20

02

14

20

4D

13

fl5

. ; 1318

44

C9

00

F0

0C

fl6

49

fl5

. : 1320

3C

95

4B

fl5

3D

95

53

E6

. : 132S

49

FI5

48

CS

07

F0

05

E6

. : 1330

48

4C

0D

13

20

38

13

60

. ; 1 338

fl2

00

B5

32

9D

86

03

BD

. : 1 340

84

03

95

32

E0

2B

FO

04

. : 1 348

ES

4C

3fi

13

60

h5

3C

C9

. : 1 350

03

Fe

09

fi5

3D

CS

03

F0

. : 1 358

10

4C

89

13

FI5

45

C.5

33

. : 1 360

D0

07

fl9

00

85

3D

4C

C5

. : 1368

13

fi5

45

C5

33

F0

IH

C5

. : 1370

32

F0

le

fi5

5B

C.5

4fl

D0

. : 1378

05

fl9

0FI

4C.

30

13

fl9

08

. : 1380

35

3C

fi9

00

85

3D

4C

C5

. ;13S8

13

fiS

3C

C9

04

D0

IC

fl5

. r 1390

46

C5

32

F0

0D

FI5

47

C5

. : 1398

32

F0

07

fl9

0D

35

3C

4C

. ; 13fi0

C5

13

fi9

00

35

3C

35

3D

. : 13FIS

4C

C5

13

fl5

3D

C9

04

D0

. : 13B0

14

FI5

46

C5

33

F0

EB

flS

. ; 1 3B8

47

C5

33

F0

E5

Fl9

0B

35 i

. ; 13C0

3C

Fl9

00

35

3D

Fl9

00

85

. : 1308

44

fl5

3C

C9

00

D0

09

fl5

. : 13D0

3D

C3

00

D0

09

4C:

E2

13

. : 13DS

fi5

3D

C9

00

D0

04

fi9

01

. ; 13E0

35

44

Fl5

4Fl

C5

47

D0

04
B5

. : 13E8

fl9

01

35

5C:

60

Fl2

00

. : 13F0

32

9D

34

03

BD

86

03

95

. : 13F8

32

E0

2B

F0

04

E8

4C

EF

. : 1400

13

60

fl5

3E

85

40

flS

3F

. : 1408

35

41

Fl6

42

B5

34

35

43

. : 1410

Fl2

00

86

3C

86

3D

36

45

. ; 141S

86

46

36

47

36

4fl

fi5

43

. ; 1420

38

C9

80

B0

0E

fi5

40

38

. : 1428

E5

43

B0

02

C6

41

85

40

. ; 1430

4C.

3E

14

E9

30

IS

65

40

. : 1438

90

02

E6

41

85

40

fi0

00

. : 1440

Bl

40

35

47

Fl5

3E

85

40

. : 1448

Fl5

3F

85

41

E8

flS

43

38

. : 1450

C:9

80

B0

0C.

18

65

40

90

. ; 1453

02

E6

41

85

40

4C.

6F

14

. ; 1460

E9

80

35

44

fl5

40

38

E5

. ; 1468

44

B8

02

C6

41

85

40

fl0

. : 1470

00

Bl

40

C9

20

D0

0Fl

33

. : 1478

E0

03

B0

2F

E6

5D

4C

flB

, : 1430

14

C5

32

D0

02

E6

3C

C5

. : 1483

33

D0

02

E6

3D

E0

01

D0

. : 1490

02

85

4fi

E0

04

D0

02

85

. : 1498

45

E0

05

D0

fHF

85

46

C5

. ! 14fi0

32

D0

02

C6

3C

C.5

33

D0

. : 14fi8

02

C.6

3D

60

Flfi

flfl

Flfl

flfl

No. 54 - November 1982

GAMES FEATURE

using the command LOAD "name",
1,1. The I's at the end of the LOAD
will load the code at its absolute loca-
tion (i.e., $1300-$14AB or $2100-
$22AB), rather than automatically be-
ing relocated to the start of BASIC.
After both parts have been loaded, issue
the command SAVE "VIC GOMOKU"
and you will save a copy that combines
both parts and can be used independently
of whatever memory configuration is
operating in the VIC.

The VIC version of GOMOKU uses
the joystick to indicate your move.
Once you have moved the cursor to your
desired location, just hit the fire-button.

The PET Version

The machine-language code in the
hex-dump (listing 2) will work without
any changes in the PET. However,
several lines of the BASIC program
must be changed. Specifically, listing 3
contains all the lines that must be
changed in listing I to get GOMOKU to
work on the PET. In addition to these
differences, lines 7, 116, 117, and 118
of listing 1 should not be included in
the PET version. The BASIC instruc-
tions should be typed without any
unnecessary spaces to assure that the
BASIC part does not run into the

Listing 3

:E=12*4096 :V=E :PI=5*4096

RL=40:S=32?'67

FH=RHD';-TI)

F0RI = 1T08 :REHDX !P0KE951 + I ,X iNEXTI :DPITH1 ,39,40.-41 , 129, 167, 168, 169 :FH=10

ML=PEEK<40)+256*PEEK<41 )+3839 :DIMD<8) ,VK<,' 14, 14) ,DR';9) ,DC<9)

F0RI = lT09:REHDDR';i:',DC<I.) iNEXTI

DHTfll,- 1,1, 0,1, 1,0, -1,0, 0,0, 1,-1, -1,-1, 0,-1,1

9 F0RI = lT08iREHDD<:i:> iNEXT :DHTfl-40, -39, 1 ,41 ,40,39,-1 ,-41

10 H=81 iC=87iNP*="C":M=e:W=0sPRINT"3 31ICR0 GOMOKU" : I N*="H"

14 IN*="W":PRINT"WHITE OR BLACK " ; :00SUB85 :PRINT : IFIN*="B"THENH=S7 :C=S1

112 GETF*:IFF*=""THENRETURN

113 IFF*=CHR*<13)THENFB=1 :RETURN

114 I FF*< ■' 1 " ORF*> " 9 " THENRETURN

115 QQ=flSC<F*)-4S:DX=DC';QQ) :DV=DR<QQ) :RETURN

machine-code part. If you have an
80-column screen, change RL in line 1
to 80, the DATA values in line 3 to 1,
79, 80, 81, 129, 207, 208, 209, and the
DATA values in line 9 to - 80, - 79, I,
81, 80, 79, -1, -81.

To create a working PET copy of
GOMOKU, first load the BASIC part,
then load the machine code previously
saved by the monitor (it will always be
located from $1300 to $I4AB in the
PET version), then issue the command
SAVE "PET GOMOKU" to save a copy
that combines both parts.

The PET version uses the numeric
keyboard to indicate your move. Once
the cursor is where you wish to move,
just hit RETURN to enter the move.

Acknowledgement

I published an earlier version of PET
GOMOKU in the December, 1979
issue of CURSOR (Box 550, Goleta, CA
93 1 1 6). That version benefitted from
many improvements suggested by Glen
Fisher. To the extent that his sugges-
tions survived to the current VIC /PET
version, his help is gratefully
acknowledged.

The text foi this article was submit-
ted by the author as a WoidPio file. The
edited file was then tiansmitted to our
Compugiaphic through oui FOCUS
CompuPlus system.

JMCRO

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No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

61

GAMES FEATURE

Number Shuffle on the Atari

by Frank Roberts

A computer version of the
popular game Magic Square.

Number Shuffle

requires:

Atari 400 or 800, 8K

In the days of yore, before Rubik's
Cube, there existed a two-dimensional
puzzle called Magic Square. It was
played by rearranging a random set of
numbers within a four-by-four matrix
until the numbers were in numerical
ascending or descending order.

This program is a computer simula-
tion of that puzzle, and is built around
a six-by-six matrix. All positions sur-
rounding the central matrix are set to a
value of - 1 and used only for com-
parison and validation of moves. One
position of the four-by-four center
matrix, set to zero, is graphically
represented by a blank space. Only the
numbers horizontally or vertically adja-
cent to the space may be moved into
that vacant space.

The game begins after the numbers
in the NBR array are shuffled 100 times
(lines 210-250] and set into the play-
field array, BRD (300-370). Once the
board is displayed on the screen, the
user is prompted for a choice of num-
bers to move into the empty space. If
the number is valid, the number and the
space are switched. The X and Y arrays
hold the screen coordinates for each
number in the central matrix. The
switch is made in lines 530-560 and
subroutine 20-25. Lines 600-650 check
the board after every switch. If all
numbers are in proper ascending order,
the program terminates with a con-
gratulations and some fanfare. It will
also display the total number of moves
made to solve the puzzle. To check for
a solution in descending order, just
change line 610 to FOR J = 29 TO 8.

Note: If you wish to see
display of finish without working
through the whole puzzle, just type
"GOTO 700."

REM ««««««
REM NUMBER
REM

REM Frank
REM 3736 F
REM Ft. Ua
REM ******
REM

I GOTO 30
I EiRD(P)=MO
; PRINT »6
DIM BRD(3
X(8)=3:X<
X(M)=X(8
X(2e)=X(S
X(26)=X(S
REM

Y(e)=5: Y(
Y ( 9 ) = Y ( 8 )
Y( ie)=Y(8
Y( 11 )=Y(8
REM

GRAPHICS
FOR MUSIC
:NEXT MUS
PRINT ■>D
GRAPHICS
PRINT -NU
SCRAMBLED
PRINT 'ft
AN EMPT Y'
PRINT "SO
THE ONLY-
PRINT 'VA
PRINT 'AD
PRINT :PR
REM *****

8 GRAPHICS
e POSITION
e POSITION

REM ****

e FOR j=e

9 REM ****
e FOR J=l

A=INT(RN
B=INT(RN
IF B=» T
IF B=l T
IF B=2 T
IF B=3 T
TEMP=NBR
e NEXT J
9 REM ****
e FOR J=l

c=e

e FOR J=8

IF J=12

C = C+1
e BRD(J)=N
e IF BRD(J
9 NEXT J

REM ****
e GRAPHICS
e FOR ROW=
e PRINT *6
e FOR J=C

IF BRD(J
e IF 6RD<J
PRINT t(6
e NEXT J

C = Cf6

PRINT tt6
e NEXT ROW

««««««««***«*****««««««««««««««
SHUFFLE

Roberts
erndale Drive
yiie, IN «615
*******************************

VE:POSITION X(P),Y<P):IF BRD(P)<ie THEN PRINT W6-- •■

BRD<P) rRETURN

6),NBR(16),X(36),Y(36),R«(ie)

9)=6:x( ie)=9:x< 1 1 ) = i2

):x(i5)=x(9):x<i6)=x(ie):X(i7)=X(ii)

):x(2i)=X(9):X(22)=x(ie):x<23)=X(ii)

):X(27)=X(9):X(Z8)=X(ie):X(29)=X(ll)

i«)=s:Y(2e)=n :y(26) = 14

:Y(15)=Y(M):Y(21)=Y(Z«):Y(27)=Y(Z6)

):Y(16)=Y(l«):Y(Z2)=Y<2e):Y(Z8)=Y(26)

):Y(17)=Y<l«):Y(Z3)=Y<Ze):Y(29)=Y(26)

2:P0SITI0N 2,«:PRINT t(6;'NUMBER SHUFFLE'

=5ee TO e step -1.5:S0UND 6,e,8,MUSIC:PDKE 768, INT(RND(e)*ZZZ)

ic:souND e,e,e,e

YOU WANT INSTRUCTIONS ';:INPUT R«:IF R»(1,1)<>'Y' THEN 188
e:POSITION Z,7
MBER SHUFFLE IS A SOLITAIRE GAME IN UHICH IS NUMBERS ARE

U ITHIN'
« X 4 SQUARE. THE NUMBERS ARE THEN MOVED ONE AT A TIME INTO

UARE IN AN ATTEMPT TO ARRANGE THE NUMBERS IN NUMERICAL ORDER.

LID MOVE IS ONE OF THE FOUR NUMBERS'

JACENT TO THE EMPTY SPACE IN THE SQUARE.'

INT 'UHEN YOU ARE READY, PRESS RETURN ';: I NPUT R«

SET UP BOARD *****

l:POSITION 4,5:PRINT t(6 ;" STANDBY .... '

3,7:PRINT t(6;'I'M MIXING UP'

5,9:PRINT lt6;'THE BOARD'

* CHOOSE SET OF RANDOM NUMBERS *****
TO 15:NBR( J+1)=J:NEXT J

* NOW SHUFFLE NUMBERS *****

TO lee

D<e)*i5)+i

D<e)*4)

HEN B=A-l:IF B<1 THEN B=A+1
HEN E=A-4:IF E<1 THEN B=A+4
HEN B=A+l:IF B>16 THEN B=A-1

hen b=a+4:if b>16 then b=a-4
<a):nbr(A)=nbr(B):nbr(B)=temp

* now set up board *****

TO 36:BRD(J)=-1:NEXT J

TO 29

OR J=13 OR J=18 OR J=19 OR J=24 OR J=25 THEN 378

BR(C)

)=e THEN P=J

* DISPLAY BOARD *****
1:P0KE 752, 1 :C=S:P0SITI0N 6,4

1 TO 4

:PRINT 1(6; ' ' ;
TO C + 3

)=e THEN PRINT t(6;' ';:GOTO 468
)<1« THEN PRINT nS;' ' ;
;BRD( J) ; ' ' ;

(continued)

62

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

L

GAMES FEATURE

Number Shuffle (continued)

499 REM «*«** GET MOUE NUMBER «ND PROCESS «<*««

50« POP :TRY=TRY+1

585 PRINT • •■•POKE 654 , PEE K ( 656 ) - 1

5ie PRINT "ENTER NUMBER TO MOVE: ";

520 INPUT MOgE

539 IF BRD(P-1 ) =MOUE THEN BRD ( P- 1 ) =0 : GOSUB C0 : P=p- 1 : POS I TI ON X ( P ) , Y ( p )
:PRINT tl6; ■ 'CGOTO 600

540 IF BRD(P-6)=MGVE THEN BRD ! P -6 ) =« : GOSUB 20 : p = p-6 : POS I T I ON X<P),Y(P)
:PRINT tl6; • 'ICOTO 600

550 IF BRD(P + 1 ) =MOVE THEN BRD ( P + 1 ) = 8 : GOSUB 29 : P = P+ 1 : POS I T I ON X ( P ) , Y ( P ).

:PRINT tl6; ■ "IGOTO 609
560 IF BRD(P+6)=M0VE THEN BRD < P + 6 ) =0 : GOSUB 29 : P = P + 6 : POS I T I ON X(P),Y<P)

:PRINT tl6- ' '^GOTO 600
570 PRINT ■>ILLEG«L MOVE":GOTO 510

599 REM *«*«« CHECK BOR«D FOR UIN ♦*«*«

600 C=0:IF BRD(29)<>9 THEN POKE 656 , PEEK ( 656 >- 1 : GOTO 50*
610 FOR J=8 TO 2S

620 IF J = 12 OR J = 13 OR J=18 OR J = 19 OR J = 24 OR J = 25 THEN 650

639 C=C+1

631 PRINT C ,BRD< J)

649 IF BRD(J)=C THEN 659

642 POKE 656,PEEK<656)-1

644 GOTO 509

450 NEXT J

69? REM ♦♦*«♦ CONGRATULATE UITH FANFARE ♦♦♦«♦

700 GRAPHICS l-.PQSITION 2,6:PRINT »6 ;' CONGRATULATIONS "

710 POSITION 3,8:PRINT #6;'Y0U DID IT IN"

720 POSITION 5,19:PRINT lt6;TRY;' MOWES"

729 REM ♦«**♦ PLAY SONG ♦«***

890 FOR J=l TO 4

810 RE/^0 S,S2,I

820 SOUND 0,S, 19,8:S0UND 1 , S- 1 , 10 , 4 : SOUND 2 , S2 , 1 « , 4 : SOUND 3,32-1,10,2

830 FOR K=l TO I:NEXT K

840 NEXT J

850 SOUND 0,0,9,0:SOUND 1 ,«, ,«: SOUND 2 , , , : SOUND 3,0,0,0

900 DATA 162, 81, 15, 121, 60, 20, 96, 47, 25, 81, 40, 70, 96, 47, 29, 81, 40, 190

JMCftO

Letterbox

Two Many Lines

Kerry Lourash, author of "Sur-
change for OSI" in the August issue,
noticed an error in his listing. On page
77, there are two Hne numbers for
1100. Type in only one.

Move the Decimal

An error in the September Software
Catalog last month could have bank-
rupted MicroSoftware International,
Inc. Computer Business Softwaie was
wrongly listed as $64.70. It should have
been $6470.00. Pardon our slip.

VOICE I/O THAT WORKS!

for the APPLE II and Commodore computers

Voice I/O has come a long way from the
barely intelligible compuler speech o1 on-
ly a few years ago. It is now possible to
enter data or commands to your computer
just by talking to it and the computer can
talk back with clear, pleasant, human
sounding voice.

The COGNtVOX models VlO-1002 (tor
Commodore) and VIO-1003 (for the Apple
II + ) are at the forefront of a new genera-
tion of Voice I/O peripherals that are easy
to use, offer excellent performance and
are affordably priced.

SOME SPECIFrCATlONS

COGNIVOX can be trained to recognize
up to 32 words or phrases chosen by the
user. To train COGNIVOX to recognize a
new word, you simply repeat the word
three times under the prompting o1 the
system.

COGNIVOX will also speak with a voca-
bulary of 32 words or phrases chosen by
the user. This vocabulary is independent
of the recognition vocabulary, so a dialog
with the computer is possible. Memory re-
quirements for voice response are approx-
mately 700 bytes per word.

For applications requiring more than 32
words, you can have two or more vocabu-
aries and switch back and forth between
them. Vocabularies can also be stored on
disk.

m

HOW IT WORKS

COGNIVOX uses a unique single-chip
signal processor and an exclusive non-li-
near pattern matching algorithm to do
speech recognition. This gives reliable op-
eration at low cost. In tact, the perfor-
mance of COGNIVOX in speech recogni-
tion is equal or better to units costing
rvvany times as much.

For voice output, COGNIVOX digitizes
and stores the voice of the user, using a
data compression algorithm. This method
offers four major advantages: First there
are no restrictions to the words COGNI-
VOX can say. If a human can say it, COG-
NIVOX will say it too. Second, it is very
easy to program your favorite words. Just
say them in the microphone. Third, you
have a choice of voices: male, female, child,
foreign. Fourlh and foremost, COGNIVOX
sounds very, very good. Nothing in the
market today can even come close to the
quality of COGNIVOX speech output. You
can verify this yourself by calling us and
asking to hear a COGNIVOX demo over
the phone. Hearing is believing.

A COMPLETE SYSTEM

COGNIVOX comes assembled and test-
ed and it includes microphone, software,
power supply, built in speaker/amplifier
and extensive user manual. All you need
to get COGNIVOX up and running is to
plug it in and load one of the programs
supplied.

It is easy to write your own talking and
listening programs too. A single state-
ment in BASIC is all that you need to say
or recognize a word. Full Instructions on
how to do it are given in the manual,

COGNIVOX model VIO-1002 will work
with all Commodore computers with at
least 16k of RAM. Model VlO-1003 re-
quires a 48k APPLE 1! + with 1 disk drive
and DOS 3.3.

ORDER YOUR COGNIVOX NOW

Call us at (805) 685-1854 between 9am
and 4pm PST and charge your COGNIVOX
to your credit card or order COD. Or send
us a check in the mail, specifying your
computer. Price for either model of COG-
NIVOX is $295 plus $4 shipping in the U.S.
(foreign add 10% we ship AIR MAIL).

VOICETEK

DeptS , P.O. Box 388 Goleta, CA 93116

Also available lor rhe AIM-65.
Call or write for details.

OSI Delete Modifications

Claude Banon of Quebec, Canada,
sent in this update.

In the August issue of MICRO, Mor-
ris and Morishita wrote a program for
"Delete on the OSI." Here is a
modification that will save you seven
bytes in your program.

In their program to get the code for
the "OK", you go through the output
to CRT routine, and then get back to
BASIC in address $A319. Another way
would simply get you back in BASIC
through the warm start located at
$A274. This routine will print the
"OK". Here are the necessary changes
in your BASIC program:

18 N = 57; F0RX=MT0M + N-1;
READ J: POKE X, J: NEXT

22 A = INT (M/256): B = M - 256*A:
POKE M-6, A: POKE M- 7, B

42 DATA 144, 5, 32, 110, 2, 240, 219,
76, 116, 162

There is no need for a line 44.

I would also like to point out a little
mistake in the text. When you write
that the code is relocatable with the ex-
ception of the JSR at $026E, it should
be $0266.

JMCftO

No. 54 - November 1 982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

63

^ri

r4\

/ / 1 ■ «Wi400 1

\

i^ms\

A

ATARI

400

16K *269

32K *349

48K *429

410 Recorder $ 76.00

810 Disc Drive $449.00

822 Printer $269.00^

825 Printer $589.00

830 Modem $150.00

820 Printer $259.00

850 Interface $169.00

CX40 Joystick $ 18.00

CX853 16K RAM $ 77.95

. HOT ATARI-
JK GAMES ^

PAC-MAN $3500

Centipede $35.00

Caverns of Mars $32.00

Asteroids $29.00

Missile Command $29.00

Star Raiders $39.00

Ghost Hunter. $24.00

^^ RASTER $gyjt
^^ BLASTER ^^4

DATASOFT

GamM for tha Atari

Padlic Coast Higtiway $25.00

Canyon Climber $25.00

Tumble Bugs $2500

ShooBng Arcarde $25.00

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Graphic Master $30.00

Graphic Generator $13.00

Micto Painter $25.00

Text Wizart $89.00

Spell Wizard $64.00

Bishops Square „.... $25.00

VISICORP

VISKALC

Apple II + $189.00

Atari $189.00

Commodore $189.00

IBM $189.00

For APPLE, IBM, FRANKUN

Vlsidex $189.00

Visifile $189.00

Visiplot :^. $159.00

Visiterm $189.00

VlsitreniyPlot $229.00

Visi Schedule $229.00

Desktop Plan $189.00

800 — 48K

^669

MiCTOtek 16K RAM $ 74.95

Ramdisk (128K) $429.95

Itec 48K Board $159.00

Itec 32K $ 74.00

One Year extended warranty $ 70.00

481 Entertainer $ 69.00

482 Educator $13000

483 Programmer $ 49.00

484 Communicator $344.00

CBS

ROM CARTRIDGE GAMES
FOR YOUR ATARI

Krazy Shoot CXit $32.00

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STICK STAND «

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ON-LINE

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The Next Step $34.00

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SYNAPSE

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Chicken $28.00

IDodge Racer $26.00

Synassembler $30.00

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Protector $26.00

Nautilus $26.00

Slime $26.00

Disk Manager $24.00

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jj-sa

MICRO-SCI

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MODEMS

Hayes

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Chronograph $'

Microdem II $.'

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Anchor

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Mark III (TI-99) $

Mark IV {CBM/PET) $

Mark V (OSBORNE) $

Mart( VI (IBM-PC) $

Mark VII (Auto Answer/Dial) $

9 Volt Power Supply $

MONITORS

AMDEK

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Color I $;

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BMC

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13" Color 1400 $i

13" Color 1401 (Midres) $;

ZENITH

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Maxell Disks

MD I (Boxot 10) $

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MFD I (8") $

MFD II (8" Double Density) $

Syncom (Box of 10) $

Computer Covei

Atari 400 $6.99 Commodore VIC-20.. $

Atari 800 $6.99 Commodore 8032 $■

Atari 810 $6.99 Commodore

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D909C 7.5 Megabyte Hard disk $2699.00

8050 $1299.00

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8023 $ 599.00

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Pet to IEEE Cable $ 37.00

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16K VIC Expansion $ 94.00

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GAMES FEATURE

Sensible Use of Apple
Game Paddles

by Harry L. Pruetz

Some programming suggestions
to improve the validity of game-
paddle inputs.

Paddle Use

requires:

Apple computer with either
Integer or Applesoft BASIC
and the Apple game paddles

when using Apple II game paddles,
there are both hardware and software
problems involved. With some knowl-
edge of inherent limitations, the pad-
dles can add to the enjoyment of com-
puter games, both while designing a
game and playing it.

My Apple II came with two paddles
hooked up to the game I/O connector.
The paddles were actually rotating
potentiometers, rather than the
joy stick- type paddles available. Unlike
two-player games, games designed for
one player using both paddles for x-y
control would be better played with a
real joystick controlling both x and y
coordinate movements.

The most obvious limitation on both
game paddles is the 300-degree physical
limit on control knob movement. Nu-
merical values possible from a paddle
range from at the complete counter-
clockwise position, up to 255 at the
complete clockwise position. How-
ever, these values are available for only
about a 150-degree rotation of the knob.

The values read from BASIC using
the PDL function may be expressed as a
function of the angle of the paddle knob
as follows:

Angle

Value

0-29

—

30-65

66-101

0-63

102-137

64-127

138-173

128-191

174-209

192-255

210-329

255

330-359

—

more than half of a degree! Labeling the
paddles and marking the actual ranges
are quite helpful for many games.

The paddle cable that plugs into the
game I/O connector is a source of prob-
lems. Each time the paddles are discon-
nected, cable pins may get bent when
reconnecting the paddles. The pins
may be bent back into shape and the
electrical connection will still be
sound. However, a simple program to
sample and display paddle values should
be run occasionally to make sure the
paddles are functioning correctly.

A monitor routine measures a pad-
dle value by delaying 12 microseconds
for each unit value measured after the
paddle is triggered. Thus a value of 255
takes three milliseconds to measure.
Times of one to three milliseconds for
each PDL call are not excessive for In-
teger or Applesoft BASIC. There are
usually many other statements exe-
cuted between PDL calls. Compiled

BASIC or faster computer languages
may still use the paddles for game input
without noticeable effect from the slow
timing speed. It is usually the machine-
language implementations of sophisti-
cated, fast-action games that avoid
using paddles.

The program listed is a RAM Apple-
soft BASIC program to test and demon-
strate some software techniques useful
with game paddles.

Lines 100 through 195 merely sam-
ple paddle and print a value if it is dif-
ferent from the previous sample. Line
110 exits the sampling loop when any
key is pushed. The paddle may be set to
any value greater than and less than
255, and left untouched for a while.
Because of the sensitivity of the pot and
the monitor routine which determines
the value PDL(O), the value often skips
back and forth between two consecu-
tive numbers. This causes errors in
some games that are not the player's

The value read from a paddle may change
by 1 when the knob is moved slightly

Listing 1

l^f) T^f^ ***********************

IS RI=M * P^DDLF: W^E OfNOS

20 RFM *

25 RFM * W 'KRRY L. PRUKl".

10 RFM ***********************

35 DIM XC%(128),YC%(12R)

40 DEF FM X(D) = 4 * INT ( 1 + Ii^ ( PDL (0) * 68) / 255)

45 DEF PN.Y(D) = 2 * INT (2 + INT ( PDL (I) * 12) / 255)

47 (jrvn 95

50 REM *** •PDL(O) CALC ***

55 D = ( PDL (0) - 4 * XP) / 4:XP = XP + 3GM (D) * INT ( AB5 (D)):X = I

1 + 4 * XP: RETURN

60 REM *** PDL(l) CALC ***

65 D = (255 - POL (1) - 3 * YP) / 3:YP = YP + Sr?g (D) * INT ( ABS (D) )

:Y = 10 + 2 * YP: RETURN

70 REM *** FRAC PDL(O) C^LC ***

75 F = 255 / 45:D = ( PDL (0) - F * XP) / F:XP = XP + SGN (D) * TNT ( ARS

(D)):X = 6 * XP: RETORN

80 REM *** FRAC PDL( 1) CAIT ***

85 F = 255 / 45:0 = (255 - PDL (1) - F * YP) / F:YP = YP + SGN (D) * INT

( ABS (D)):Y = 4 * YP: RETURN

95 POKE - 16368,0: 'lOME

100 REM

101 REM ***********************

102 REM * PADDLE SAMPLING

103 REM ***********************

104 REM

105 VP = POL (0)

110 IF PEEK ( - 16334) > 127 TIEN 195

115 VC = PDL (0)

120 IF VC < > VP THEN PRINT VC; " ";

125 VP = VC

130 UOIXJ 110 (continued)

66

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

GAMES FEATURE

PADDLE 1 AVERAGING

Listing 1 (continued)

195 POKE - 16368,0: 40t«

200 RHt

201 Rm ******************

202 REM

203 RHt

204 REM

205 VP =
210 TF
215 VC =
220 IF VC <
225 VP = VC
230 GOTO 210

POKE
REM
REM '
REM '
REM '
REM

295

300

301

302

303

304

305 PC

310 X ■

315 Y -■

320

325

330

335

PDL (1)
PEEK ( - 16334) > 127 THEM 295
INT ( INT ( PDL (1) + VP) / 2)
VP TiEN PRINT VCr" ";

16368,0: 40ME

SMOOTH FADING TRAIL

1:NP = 128

EN X(0)

FN Yd)

I = 1 TO 128:XC%(I)

FDR

HGR2

IF PEEK ( -16334) > 127 THEN 395

HCOir)R= 0: HPUJT X - 3,Y - 3 TO X +

3,Y - 3
340 4PU3T XC%(PC),TC%(PC)
345 4C0ir)R= 3: HPirJT X,Y
350 XC%(PC) = X:YC%(PC) = Y
355 PC = PC + 1: IF PC > NP THEN PC = 1

X:YC%(I) = Y: NEXT I

3,Y + 3: HPL3T X - 3,Y + 3 TO X +

360 X =
365 Y =

INT ( iwr (X +

INT ( INT (Y +

EN X(0))
FN Yd))

/ 2)
/ 2)

3 TO X + 3,Y + 3: HPLOT X - 3,Y + 3 TO X + 3,Y - 3

370 4PL3T X - 3,Y

375 GOTO 330

395 POKE - 16368,0: 4GME

400 REM

401 REM ***********************

402 REM * DISCREH^ FADING TRAIL

403 REM ***********************

404 REM

405 PC = 1:NP = 128:XP = 0:Y° =
410 QOSUB 50

415 QOSUB 60

1 TO 12a:XC%d) = X:YC%d) = Y: NEXT I

430
435

440
445

465
470
475
495
500
501
502
503
504

' 127 THEN 495
3,Y - 3 TO X +

3,Y + 3: HPL3T X - 3,Y + 3 TO X +

tl? ^2^

IF PEEK ( - 16334)

HC003R= 0: HPL3T X -

3,Y - 3

HPL3T XC%(PC),YC%(PC)

HCOir)R= 3: HPL3T X,Y
450 XC%(PC) = X:YC%(PC) = Y
455 PC = PC + 1: IF PC > NP THEN PC = 1
460 QOSUB 50

QOSUB 60

HPL3T X - 3,Y - 3 TO X + 3,Y + 3: HPL3T X - 3,Y + 3 TO X + 3,Y - 3

GOTt) 430

KKE - 16363,0: TEXT : HOME

REM

R£M ***********************

REM * FRACTIONAL PADDLE INC
^^ ***********************

REM

505 XP = 0:YP = 0: GQSUB 70: QOSUB 80:XC = X:YC = Y

510 HGR2 : HCOrDR= 2:SW =

515 FOR I = TO 275 STEP 2

520 H9UJV 1,0 TO 1,133
525 NEXT I

530 HCOrDR= l:P0RI=X+lTOX + 5 STEP 2: HPUTT I,Y TO I,Y + 3: NEXT

535 IF PEEK ( - 16334) > 127 THEN 595

540 QOSUB 70: GOSUB 30: IF X = XC AND Y = YC THEN 535

545 HCOrDR= 0: FOR I = XC + 1 TO XC + 5 STEP 2: HPLOT 1,'K: TO I,YC + 3: NEXT

550 HC0U3R= 0: HPL3T XC + 2,YC + 1 TO X + 2,Y + 1

555 HCOIDR= 1: FDR I=X+lTOX+5 STEP 2: HPL3T I ,Y TO I,Y + 3: NEXT

560 XC = X:YC = Y: GOTO 535

595 POKE - 16368,0: TEXT : HOME

999 END

fault. When the paddle cable is not
properly plugged into the game I/O
connector, values may vary even more,
sometimes changing when the other
paddle is moved.

Lines 200 through 295 provide a
more stable readout from paddle 1. A
different paddle is used here to allow
the program to be used for paddle
checkout. When paddle 1 is not being
moved, the averaged value VC changes
only in very rare cases. A disadvantage
of this averaging method is that the
range is now only through 254.
Averaging also slows down the rapidity
with which VC may change. Paddle
in the first case can be moved from one
extreme to the other during only three
or four samplings. Paddle 1 in this case
takes about five more samplings for VC
to catch up to the actual PDL(l) value.
Line 215 could also be changed to give
the previous value more weight with
the penalty of slowing down the sam-
pling even more. For example:

215 VC = INT(INT(PDL(1) + 2*VPV3)

The INT functions required in Apple-
soft BASIC make the above statement
more inefficient than when using In-
teger BASIC.

Lines 300 through 395 use high-
resolution graphics to demonstrate pad-
dle sampling with averaging. XC% and
YC% are arrays used as circular queues
to allow display of the last 128 loca-
tions of the 'X' shape. The functions at
lines 40 and 45 convert a paddle value
into X and y coordinates. Again, INT
functions are required in Applesoft
BASIC to insure integer arithmetic.
The numbers in the defined functions
are fairly easy to obtain by using the
"slope-intercept form" for straight
lines. From Analytic Geometry:
f = a -I- mg,

where g is the independent variable,
m is the slope of the line,
a is the value of f at g = 0,
and f is the dependent variable.

We want the paddles to determine
screen location. Only multiples of 4 are
used as x-coordinate locations, so the
figure 'X' may be plotted at 4, 8 , ... , and
276 without x-3 or x-i-3 causing "il-
legal quantity" errors. Ignoring the
multiplier of 4 for now, f should be 1
when PDL(0)=0, and 69 when
PDL(0) = 255. For f = a+m*PDL|0),
a=l and m = (69- l)/(255 -0), so that
f = l-i-(PDL(0)*68)/255 and x = 4*f.
Thus we get line 40, where D is an
unused dummy variable:

40 DEF FN X(D) = 4*INT(1 -i-INT
(PDL(0)*68)/255)
Multiples of 2 are used as
y-coordinate locations, so the figure 'X'
may be plotted at 4, 6, ..., and 188

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

67

GAMES FEATURE

without y-3 or y + 3 causing "illegal
quantity" errors. Ignoring the multi-
plier of 2 for now, f should be 2 when
PDL(1)=0, and94whenPDL(l)= 255.
For f = a + m*PDL(l), a = 2, m =
(94-2)7(255-0), and y = 2*f. Thus
we get line 45, where D is an unused
dummy variable:

45 DEF FN Y(D) = 2*INT(2 + INT
(PDL(1)*92)/255)

Line 320 initializes the circular
queue. The actual loop is lines 330
through 375. The loop performs the
following steps:

1. Erase current 'X'.

2. Erase last point in trail.

3. Plot current point in trail.

4. Save point location in queue.

5. Adjust queue pointer.

6. Plot next 'X'.

Lines 360 and 365 average the x and y
values obtained from the paddle func-
tions. The averaging has a smoothing
effect on movements of the figure 'X' as
it is moved around on the high-
resolution grid.

Lines 400 through 495 demonstrate
a way of obtaining reliable paddle input
without averaging. The routine at line
50 is essentially the same as the one at
line 60. However, the PDL(OJ routine
will be explained in detail. Let us con-
sider the case of PDL(O) = and XP = 0.

If PDL(O) is increased to 4, then XP
becomes 1. If PDL(O) changes back to 3
by itself, there will be no new XP
because the difference is only 1. Now,
when PDL(O) is increased to 7, there
will still be no change in XP. If PDL(O)
changes to 8 by itself and then back to 7
again, the value XP = 2 will be calcu-
lated and will remain in effect until
PDL(O) is changed to 4 or 12. Thus the
output of this routine is stable without
averaging. I have chosen to call the
method differencing. Note that merely
dividing PDL(O) by 4 would not give
stable results. The use of SGN(D)*INT
(ABS(D)) is used since INT( - 1.1) gives
- 2 instead of the - 1 desired.

Note also that 255-PDL(l) is used in
line 65 rather than just PDL(l). This
gives the same "intuitive" coordinate
change for the y-coordinate as paddle
does for x-coordinate values. Thus,
clockwise rotation of paddle 1 causes
movement from the bottom to the top
of the CRT display.

The rest of this case is essentially
the same as lines 300 through 395.

Finally, we have a demonstration in
lines 500 through 595 of fractional
ranges of the paddles. The routines that
sample the paddles are at lines 70 and
80. The fraction involved is 255/45 or
5.66667. This gives a high-resolution
display of 46 by 46 cells six points wide
and four points deep. Only 276 of 280

horizontal, and 184 of 192 vertical
high-resolution points are used. The
white cursor is plotted and erased using
the complimentary color between the
background lines. Straight black lines
are drawn between each position of the
cursor as it is moved using the game
paddles.

Fractions much smaller than
5.66667 may be used in the difference
calculations for game paddles. I have
used a fraction as small as 1.275 to get
200 stable values from a game paddle.
The values are not exactly "one-to-one"
for a game paddle. For example,
PDL(O) = 7 may give a calculated value
of 5 or 6 depending on the previous
value. However, the calculated values
are stable and the game player cannot
see the difference.

If you have Integer or Applesoft
BASIC programs that use game paddles
and do not give satisfactory results, you
may consider making a few simple
changes similar to the given examples.
Programs that use only a few keys may
also be changed to use the game pad-
dles. Above all, sit back and relax. An
aching back caused by leaning over a
keyboard is not really necessary.

Contact the author at 2929 Clydedale,
#376, Dallas, TX 75220.

ilMCftO

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68

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

NEW FROM D & N MICRO PRODUCTS, INC.

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No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

69

Ill

GAMES FEATURE

Space Invasion
for OSI C I P/Superboard

by John S. Seybold

Space Invasion

requires:

OSI C1P or Superboard

In this real-time arcade game you must
fight waves of incoming aliens. Each
time you clear the screen of aliens it
refills with more aliens, faster and
closer than the last bunch. The more
times you clear the screen, the more
points each alien is worth.

The aliens are moved by the user
routine; their addresses are updated in
line 2510. Z tells the routine which
way to move the aliens. To adjust the
pace of the game, you may adjust line
2082 or line 2520. If you remove all of
the REM statements, the program
should run in 4K of memory.

Mr. Seybold is employed by General
Dynamics in Pomona, CA. He has owned
an OSI Superboard for a year and a half.
Address correspondence to 3210 Quartz
Lane, #A-10, Fullerton, CA 92631.

Space Invasion

2 DIMfl< 49 ■; ' W=53366 • WW=W-17 ' R2=75e ' X=54214 ' y=54235

5 REM-RDJUST LINES 2526 RHD 2062 FOR SPEED. ROD SOUND TO 639,7900

1 GOSIJB209 ■ POKE 1 1 .. 34 ^ POKE 12,2' .50=0

20 HS*="HIGH SCORE" iPRINT" SPACE INVASION"

40 PRINT" " :GOSUB290-V=3£'KB=5708giri=251

50 PRINT"C > RIGHT" !pRINT"X > LEFT" ^ PR INT" M > FIRE" 'PRINT

80 PRINT : INPUT"DIFFICULTV LEVEL C 1-5 ';" ; D ■■ IF'; D< 1 JOR''. D>5 )THEN80

100 PRINT"HIT 'M' TO START" : POKE530. 1 ' POKEKB.. M

110 IFPEEK.';KB)=MTHEN910

120 GOTOUe

290 FGRK=1T012 ' PRINT ■■ NEXT : RETURN

400 REM-TIJRRET FIRE ROUTINE**********

416 TM=P-V ■■ IFPEEKC TM X >RflTHENPOKETM, 39 ' RETURN

420 POKETM , V ' RM=RM- 1 ' TM=0 ' SC=SC+ 1 ■■ RETURN

SO0 REM-TURRET FIRE UPDATE ROUTINE***

6 1 .J=PEEK<: TM > : I F.J= AATHENTt1=0 ■■ RETURN

620 POKETM , V ■ TM=Tri-V ■■ IFTM<fl< B )THENTM=9 ■■ RETURN

625 I FTM=AFTHENTM=«0' RETURN

630 .J=PEEK<: TM ■; ' I F J=VTHENPOKETM . 39 • RETURN

640 POKETM , V ■ TM=0 ' I F J< >flATHENRETURN

650 RM=RM-1 ■■ SC=SC+ie ' SCt=STR*'; SO ■'' ■■ FORK=1TOLEN': SCt )

6S0 POKEW+K;flSCCMID«<SC*.. K, 1 ) ) ' NEXTK ' IFSC<HSTHENRETURN

670 HS=SCiREM-HIGH SCORE PRINT ROUTINE*****

630 F0RK=1T0LEHCHS«+STR*<;H3))

690 POKEWW+K, ASCC M I D*f. HSS+STRJC HS 'J , K , 1 ) ) ' NE!<TK ■■ RETURN

700 REM-ALIEN FIRE UPDATE ROUTINE****

710 POKEAF ,, V ■■ RF=RF+V ■■ J=PEEK'; RF ) ■ IFf. .J=AA ';0R<; RF>P ';THENRF=Q ■■ RETURN

720 IF J=CVTHENFOKEAF , V ■■ flF=0 -■ RETURN

730 POKEAF, 39 : RETURN

900 REM-SET UP SCREEN*************************

910 F0RK=1T025 ■■ PRINT ■■ NEf^lT ■■ P0KE54149.. V ' 2=54087 ■■ CV=161

920 FORK= 1 T04 ' POKEZ .. CV > POKEZ+ 1 , CV ' POKEZ+V , CV

930 POKEZ+33/ CV ■■ P0KE2-V, CV ■■ P0KE2-31 .. CV : 2=2+5 ■ NEXTK ■■ P=54224 ■ BB=49

1000 e=l ■■ RF=0 1 TM=0 ■ RM=BB ■■ C=1.9 ' 2=1 ' RA=231 ■ TURRET=236

1010 CL=7 ' FORK=1TOCL ■ READfliC K :> ■ fl< K ■J=A''s K )+V*D ■■ POKERi; K ) , AA

1020 FORI=KTOBBSTEPCL' IFI=KTHENNEXTI

1030 AC I ')=»<. I-CL )+2*V ■■ POKEA< I ).. RA ' NEXTI ■■ HE><;TK ■■ POKEP.. TU ■ GOSUB6S0

1940 F0RI=54ST0623 ' READ J ' POKEI .. J ■■ NEXT I

2000 REM-MOVE ALIENS? PROGRAM LOOP********************************:

20 1 C=C- 1 ■■ I FPEEK< flC B ) ;'=VTHEHB=B+ 1

2030 I FPEEK'; AC BB i! )=VTHENBB=BB- 1

2062 :FC=>0THENFORK=1TOC 60-5*0 > ■■ NEXTK ' GOTO4020

2083 IFRTHEH2590

2035 IFZ<0THEN2100

2090 FORK=YTOR< B JSTEP-V ■ IFPEEKC K ■;=AATHEN2=V-2 ' R=l ' GOTO4020

2095 NEXTK. ■ GOTO2500

2100 FORK=XTOflC B 'JSTEP-V ■■ IFPEEKC K >=AATHEN2=V-Z ' R=l ' GOTO4020

2110 NEXTK

2500 I F2 >0THENPOKEA2 .. 2 ' G0T025 1

2505 POKERZ/ 256+2

2510 X^USRC X > ■■ FORK=BTOBB •• AC K 5=R(; K >+Z - NEXTK ■ IFRC EB :)=>XTHEH7900

70

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November

GAMES FEATURE

Space Invasion (continued)

2520 R=ei ' C= . Z+(. Rti'-S M FFlBS';. 2 )<> 1 THEN2=2-V

4030 REM-CHECK FOP. TURRET FIRE******

4020 J=PEEt«'. KB •; ' I FC f. JORM )=n ■;flNDTM=aTHENa03UB4 1

4490 REM-CHECK FOR TURRET MOVEMENT**

4500 IFC JCIR191 X>191THEN4600

4520 IFP< >YTHEN ' POKEP.. V ■■ P=P+1 ■■ POKEP; TU ■■ GOTO500e

4600 IFCJOR1,27K>127THEN5000

4S 1 I FF< >XTHEN • POKEP .. V ^ P=P- 1 ■ POKEP .. TU

4590 REM-RLIEN FIRE*****************

5000 IFRF< >0THEHGOSUB710 ■ GOTO5100

5910 RL=BE-IHT';5*RHD<3;0^ IFRL<BTHENflL-BB

5040 I FPEEK< ft<. RL ) )=fll=lTHENRF=R'; RL HV ' POKERF.. 39

5100 IFFlF=PTHEN7909

5200 IFTMTHEHG0SUB6ie^ IFRM<=0TH,EN9000

5210 GOTOSeie

7390 REM-TURRET DESTROYED********************************************

7900 FOR I = 1 TG2C-ie ^ POKEP .. 2 ^ POKEP , 3

7920 POKEP . 232 ' POKEP . 233 ^ POKEP , 32 ■■ NEXT ■■ GOSUBSaa

7953 PR I HT" THE ALIENS HRVE" 'PRINT 'PR I NT "OVERCOME YOUR DEFENSES"

7969 PRINT ^PRINT"FIND LANDED !!"' GOSUB200

7963 PR I NT "YOUR SCORE WAS"/ SC ' PRINT

79S0 FORK=lTO8'POKEW+K..ViNEXTK'FORI»lTO3000'NE!<TI

S009 FORK=XTOY ■■ POKEK. V ' NEXT •■ POKE530;

3023 GOSUB200' PRINT" SPACE INVADERS" 'GOSUB200

3925 INPUT "PLAY AGAIN" ;K*^ IFLEFTtCKS, 1 )="Y"THENRESTORE ' GOTOIS

8030 FORK>=WWTO Y ' POKEK , V ' NEXTK ' END

3990 REM-NEXT SCREEN*****************

9000 RESTORE' IFD<7THEN0=D+1

9010 FORK=XTOY ' POKEK.. V ' NEXT ' IFTM< >0THENPOKETM.. V

9045 IFRFOSTHEHPOKEAF/'/

9050 POKEP.. V'GOTOS 10

19000 DATA 53354.53356,. 5335S.. 5.3360 ..53362. 53364. 53366

10010 DATA 216.. 169.211. 133.217. 169.0. 133.216. 160.255. 177.216.201.231

10020 DATA 203. 3. 32. 66. 2. 136. 208.. 244. 198.217. 169.207. 137. 217. 2er8. 234

10030 DATA 96.. 169. 32. 145. 216,. 152. 72. 174. 238, 2, 43.27^24, 109.238.2, 16S

10040 DATA 176.8. 169.231. 145.216. 104. 168. 136.36.230.217. 163.231. 145

10050 DATA 216. 198.217. 104. 168.136.96.24.109.238.2.169.24.144.228

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(805)968-6614

Dealer Inquiries Invited

• The VANTEC 80 is the only board that can overlay an 80
character display on the normal Apple video.

• Software switching between 80 & 40 character displays.

• Mix High Res or Lo Res graphics with the 80 character
text display.

• Upper and lowercase characters with shift mod provided.

• Flashing or inverted block video cursor.

• Apple-soft, Apple Pascal and Z80 Softcard* compatable.

•Special Introductory Pricing available for systems purchased betore Nov, 30,
1982, Credit card orders add 3%, California orders add 6% sales tax.

No. ^4 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

71

GAMES FEATURE

Apple Shootdown

by Eric Grammer

A type and RUN low-resolution
graphics game.

Shoot Down

requires:

Apple II with Applesoft and
game paddles

Here is a simple game with a short
machine-language sound program. The
oject of the game is to shoot at all the
columns with dots in them. The dots
will fire back at you. To move your ship,
use paddle (OJ . To fire, press the button.
The machine-language section
should be BSAVEd with A$300, L$30.
The lo-res graphics listing is straight-
forward and is fairly self-explanatory.
Good shooting!

Assem

bier Listing I

1

2

3

.aser Fire

*
*

lASER FIRE

5
6
7
8

*
*

ERIC GRW«ER

IWWW »»»■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■

ORG $300

9

.««««««.«««« 1

10

REPEAT

EPZ $06

11 t

JSRRPT

EPZ $07

12 1

fICOP

BQU $330

13 5

OOOP

BQU $331

14

3PKR

BQU $C030

15

""""""""""" 1

16

TIW^:

0300 A9

00

17

inA #$00

0302 85

06

18

Sm REPEAT

0304 A5

06

19

rrip

inA REPEAT

0306 C5

07

20

CMP USRRPT

0308 FO

08

21

BBO END

030A E6 06

22

ItC REPEAT

030C 20

13

03

23

JSR FIRE

030F 4C

04

03

24

JMP rnop

0312 60

25

END

RIS

0313 A2

00

26

FIRE

UK #$00

0315 AO

00

27

tCiZM.

XJX fSOO

0317 AD

30

CO

28

lUA SPKR

031A C8

29

DELM

IWf

031B 98

30

TfA

03 IC BE

30

03

31

STX YKJDP

031F CD

30

03

32

CMP YKJDP

0322 30

F6

33

EMI neiAY

0324 E8

34

INX

0325 8E

31

03

35

STX XMOP

0328 A9

FF

36

LDA #$FF

03 2A CD

31

03

37

CMP XD30P

032D DO E6

38

are; tcibar

032F 60

39

RTS

0330

40

BID

The author may be contacted at 95 Old
Street Road, Peterborough, NH 03458.

Listing 1: Shoot Down Applesoft Listing

10 PRIOT : PRIWr <HRS (4)"BIOAD lASER FIRE.OBJ"

20 TEXT ! HCME : PRIWT "SIOOT DOWN"

25 DIM V(40)

30 PRIMT : PRIW "WiAT'S TOUR SKIli LEVEL?"

40 PRIMT : PRIMT "1. SIMPI£TON"

50 PRIMT "2. PAIR"

60 PRIMT "3. 0000"

70 PRIW "4. EJSaUANT"

80 PRINT "5. MR. PERFECT"

90 PRINT : PRIWT "PLEASE PRESS THE NUMBER OF TOUR CHOICE:";

100 GET SKS: IP VAL (SKS) < 1 OR VAL (SK$) > 5 THHN 100

110 SKIU, = VAL (SKS)

120 VIRB SKILi, + 4: FIA31 : HTAB 1: PRIWr SKI Li,; ! NORMAL

130 VTRB 20: PRINT "PRESS ANY KBf TO BEGIN... ";: GET AS

140 POKE 7,1

160 TBCT : HOME

170 GR : O0IDR» 1

180 X = DTT ( PDL (0) / 7.3): OOSUB 380

190 FOR X = 1 TO 21 STEP 4: FOR Y = 3 TO 35 STEP 4: PLOT Y,X: NEW Y,X

200 &>I£W= 5

210 PDR X = 3 TO 19 STEP 4: FOR Y = 5 TO 33 STEP 4: PlOrf Y,X: NEXT Y,X

220 SilPS = 6 - SKIli

225 HOME : VTAB 24; PRIMT SilPS" 91IP";: IF SlIPS = 1 TIEN PRIMT " LEFT
1": OOriD 230

227 PRIMT "S UEFT"

230 IP IMT ( RND (1) * (7 - SKIli)) = 1 THEN QDSUB 440

240 X = IMT ( PDL (0) / 7.3): IP B < > X THEN OOSUB 380

250 IP PEEK ( - 162S7) > 127 THEN CALL 768: Q3SUB 280: GOTO 230

260 IP IMT ( WTO (1) * (7 - SKIIi) ) = 1 THEN OOSUB 440

270 (rrro 230

280 OOUDR- 15:C =■ X

290 EDR I = 34 TO STEP - 2

300 X = INT ( PM. (0) / 7.3): IF X < > B THEN OOSUB 380

310 FOR L = 1 TO 20: NEXT

320 O0I£IR» 15: VliIN I,I + 2ATC + 2

330 CaUX^ 0: P1X3T C + 2,1

340 PUTT C + 2,1 + i: PLOT C + 2,1 + 2

350 NEJCT I

360 V(C + 2) = 1

366 O0I£»= 14: VliIN 35,37 AT B + 2

370 RETURN

380 O0tDR= 0; HLIN B,B + 4 AT 39; HUN B,B + 4 AT 38; HLIN B + 1,B + 3 AT

37
390 VUN 35,37 AT B + 2
400 B =■ X
410 O0inR= 14: HLIN B,B + 4 AT 39: HLIN B,B + 4 AT 38: HLIN B + 1,B + 3 AT

37
420 VUN 35,37 AT B + 2
430 REmjHN

440 IP TOT ( RND (1) * 2) = 1 THEN 460
450 Yl = IMT ( WTO (1) * 6) * 4 + 1:X1 = INT ( RND (1) ♦ 9) * 4 + 3: GOTO

470
460 Yl = TOT ( »ID (1) * 5) * 4 + 3;X1 = INT ( B»JD (1) ♦ 8 + 1) * 4 + 1

470 Yl = Yl +1: IF V(X1) = THEN 490

480 crmo 860

490 OOIfll^ 15

500 CALL 768: CAU, 768

510 EDR L = Yl TO 38 - SKIIi. STEP SKILL: VLIN L.L + SKILL AT XI

520 X = INT ( PDL (0) / 7.3): IF B < > X THEN OOSUB 380

530 NEXT

540 OOIOR-

550 FOR L = Yl TO 34 STEP 3: VliIN L,L + 4 AT XI: NEXT

560 IF SCm( Xl,39) < > THEN 590

570 O0Ii3R= 0: VLIN Yl,39 AT XI

580 OC = 0: RETURN

(contirA

72

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November

GAMES FEATURE!

Listing 1 (continued)

590
595
600
610
620
630
640
650
655

660
670
680

690

COLDR= 15

HCME

TOR A = 35 TO 39: HUN X,X + 4 AT A: NEXT

CnLDR= 0: HUN X,X + 4 AT 35: CALL 768

HUN X,X + 4 AT 36: CALL 768

4 AT 37: CALL 768

4 AT 38: CALL 768
HUN X,X + 4 AT 39: CALL 768

IF SHIPS > 1 THEN PHNT "PRESS ANY KEif TOR NEOT SHIP "; : GET A$:SHI
PS = 91IPS - 1:X = INT ( PDL (0) / 7.3): OOSUB 380: 0010 225
IF X < 5 IHtN X = 5
IF X > 32 THEN X = 32
TOR V = 20 TO 23: VTAB V: HTAB X: PRINT "GAME";: CAIi 768: HTAB X: PRINT

" ; : NEOT V
TOR L = 1 TO 4: VTAB 24: HTAB X - L: PRINT "GAME "; : CALL 768: NEXT

HLTN X,X
HLIN X,X

700 TOR V = 20 TO 23: VTAB V: HTAB X: PRINT "CWER";: CALL 768: HTAB X: PRINT

" ; : NEOT V
710 FOR L = TO 3: VTAB 24: HTAB X + L: PRIfTT " CWER";: CALi, 768: NEXT

720 PRIMT : PRItW

730 PRIWT "CARE TOR ANOTHER GA^E? (Y/N) : ";

740 GFT G5: IF G$ = "N" THEN 770

750 IF G? = "Y" THEN CLEAR : GOTO 20

760 GCro 740

770 HOME : TEXT

780 1 =

790 I = I + 1: VBkB I

800 FOR A = 39 TO 1 STEP - 1: HTAB A: PRltW ">"; : HTAB A: PRINT " "; : NEW

A
810 1=1+1: VTAB I

820 FOR A = 1 TO 39: HTAB A: PRIMT "<";: HTAB A: PRIt^ " ";: NEXT A
830 IF I < 20 THEN 790
840 VTAB 1: EDR I = 1 TO 20: VTAB I: HTAB 40: PRINT ;: VTAB I: HTAB 4

0: EDR A = 1 TO 5: NEXT A: PRItW " "; : NEXT I
850 HOME : END

860 FOR CO = 3 TO 35 STEP 2: IF VCCO) = THEN CC = 1: 0010 440
870 X = lOT ( PDL (0) / 7.3): IF B < > X THEN OOSUB 380
880 NEXT CD

890 CAli 768: CALL 763: CALL 768: PRINT "YOU WINl"
900 Q3TO 720

4MCRO

JJnkrpHting §nftujarf ^

preeanta

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No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

73

Skyles Electric Works Presents

The VicTree™

. ..Leaves your new Vic (or CBM 64) with 35 additional commands.
. ..Branches out to most BASIC 4.0 programs.
. . . Roots into most printers.

New from Skyles: the VicTree, a coordinated hardware and software package that allows your Vic
to branch out in unbelievable directions and makes it easier than ever to do BASIC programmin(
debugging and to access your disk. And the new VicTree provides routines to interface the Vic tc
the powerful ProMet local network. 8kb of ROM — 4kb for the BASIC commands, 4kb for disk
commands and interfacing to ProNet — plus 4kb of RAM for miscellaneous storage. Perfect not
only for the new Vic but also for the Commodore 64. Unbelievably simple to use and to install, tt
VicTree gives you all the additional BASIC 4.0 commands to allow most BASIC 4.0 programs to
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money order directly to:

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Mountain View, CA 94041
(415)965-1735

74

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November

/MCRO

PET Vet

By Loren Wright

What to Do with 96K —

Two Word Processor Approaches

For the designers of Wordcraft Ultra
and WordPro 5 Plus, it must have been
a pleasant dilemma. Steve Punter and
Pro-Micro Software had their popular
WordPro 4 Plus to upgrade, while P.L.
Dowson and DataView had the sleek
Wordcraft 80 to work with. It is only
logical that the extra memory provide
more room for text, but it is what else
has been added to the programs that
makes them so interesting.

This column is devoted to a discus-
sion of these two word-processing pro-
grams for the CBM 8096. Because these
versions retain all the features of their
predecessors, my discussion should be
of use to people with 8032s, as well as
to those with 8096s. A future PET Vet
column will cover word processors for
the 40-column PETs.

Wordcraft Ultra will run on an
8096, an 8032, or an 8032 expanded
with Madison Computer's ZRAM
board. WordPro 5 Plus is designed
specifically for the 8096; it will not
work with the 8032. Wordcraft versions
require a special "data key" (formerly
known as a "dongle"), while WordPro
versions require a functional ROM in
the $A000 socket.

I will start with a general discussion
of the two word processor families. Ex-
cept where otherwise noted, Wordcraft
refers to all the Ultra configurations
and Wordcraft 80, while WordPro refers
to WordPro 4 Plus and WordPro 5 Plus.
I will also discuss the extra enhance-
ments in the new versions.

The "Flavor" of WordPro

WordPro essentially presents you
with a continuous scroll of 80-charac-
ter lines on which to type. You start in
the upper left-hand comer and keep
typing until you're done. Words get
split, but (not to worry) they will be
kept together at output time. This,
coupled with there being only two
status lines, allows a lot of text to be
viewed at once. Margins, centering, jus-
tification, paging, line spacing, and
several other features are handled at out-
put time. These are specified in the text

on special, non- printing format lines.

If you're working with elaborate
tables or a particularly fancy text, the
continuous nature of the text and the
distracting format lines make it dif-
ficult to visualize what the result will
look like. There is a special output-to-
video command that will show you the
results on the screen, without wasting
paper, but editing must still be done on
the original, continuous version, and
this is time consuming.

WordPro has a special feature called
"Extra Text," which may be used to
hold other text files, disk directories,
commonly used phrases and paragraphs,
or files of names and addresses for fill-
ing form letters. In WordPro 5 Plus
there are four such extra text areas.
WordPros 3 and 4 have only one, but
the relative sizes of the extra and main
text areas can be apportioned differently
for different needs. I used WordPro 5
Plus to write this column, primarily
because of the "append characters"
function. I stashed the names WordPro,
WordPro 5 Plus, Wordcraft, and Word-
craft Ultra in extra memory, so that
with only a few keystrokes I could copy
those characters at the current cursor
position. Whole paragraphs are handled
in a similar manner. The extra text also
makes it possible to have a whole file of
names and addresses in memory at the
same time as the target form letter.

The "Flavor" of Wordcraft

If you've used a big, dedicated word
processor, you will be more comfort-
able with Wordcraft. With a few excep-
tions, what you see on the screen is
what you get on paper. You can tell
how lines will look before they are
printed. Even documents wider than 80
columns can be handled. The screen is
a window that can be panned across the
text. If a really long word has been
moved to the next line, leaving the
previous one too short, you can easily
tell where to insert a soft hyphen to
even up the line lengths. Most format
commands are indicated by the presence
of reverse field on a text character, but
they don't take up space on the screen.
Instead of giving you a continuous scroll
of lines, Wordcraft gives you a certain
number of characters to work with. It
forces new pages as needed according to
your page-length specifications.

One powerful feature of Wordcraft
is the ruler, which indicates the posi-
tions of your margins and tab stops. Its
current contents are shown on the bot-
tom status line (of five). The ruler may
be changed at any time. If you're trying
to get a table to look just right, you can
try out one arrangement of tab stops,
type in your text with tab characters at
the right points, and then go back and
readjust your ruler without reentering
the text or the tab characters. The text
will automatically line up at the new
tab stops as soon as you finish changing
the ruler.

A Comparison of WordPro
and Wordcraft

Now that I have discussed the
special features of Wordcraft and Word-
Pro, I can compare them on what they
have in common. Most word processors
perform the following functions in some
way. Some do them better than others.

Entry of Text: Both programs do a
good job here. You can continue typing
without worrying about the way words
carry over to the next line. WordPro
uses a simple carriage return to force a
new line and the tab key to advance to
the next tab stop. With Wordcraft,
these must be preceded by the control
key. The Commodore business key-
board, with its full cursor control, is
well-suited to word processing.

Editing of Text: Both WordPro and
Wordcraft have commands for deleting,
inserting, transferring, and duplicating
text. In general, Wordcraft 's commands
are more powerful, making cut-and-
paste operations very easy. WordPro's
delete, transfer, and duplicate com-
mands have restrictions, which can be
circumvented by inserting and deleting
spaces. Insert mode with WordPro is
more convenient.

Search and Search-and-Replace:
Neither program excels at these func-
tions. WordPro's command structure is
complicated. The search-and-replace
command is an all-or-nothing proposi-
tion. The search command finds the
next occunence of the search string,
but requires a different command se-
quence to continue searching for the
same string. Both commands can act
globally or just on the current file, and
there is an option to ignore case. Word-
craft's commands make more sense, but

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

75

PET Vet

(continued)

there is no global option and delimiters
|an artifact from line editors) are re-
quired around the search string. Both pro-
grams use the '?' as a "wild" character.

File Maintenance: WordPro makes
this easy. It is possible to recall files
using a few characters and an asterisk
(the same as with other PET files).
Also, file names can be read directly
from the text area of the screen, such as
from a comment line or directory
listing. It is also possible to get a selec-
tive directory listing. When you have
specified a file name that already ex-
ists, WordPro asks you if you want to
replace it. Wordcraft, with its chapter
organization and optional descriptive
names and dates, makes documenta-
tion of the contents of a disk much
more complete. However, saving and
loading files is more cumbersome. Full
file names must be typed in.

Support of Piinteis: WordPro fully
supports a limited number of printers.
It was designed specifically with the
NEC Spinwriters in mind, and the com-
bination works very well. The Diablo
630, Qume Sprint 5, CBM 8027, TEC
1500, and dot matrix types, are sup-
ported as well. However, other printers
may not be fully supported. Wordcraft
comes with a long list of printer data
files, each matched to a particular
printer/print wheel combination, on

the master disk. The Wordcraft dealer
can obtain a PDF from the distributor
for just about any printer that runs off
the IEEE. Wordcraft Ultra has special
features for supporting printers with
proportional spacing print wheels.

Generation of Foim Letters: Word-
craft's handling of these is more power-
ful. The fields in the letter have unique
identifiers, so that the same piece of in-
formation from the fill file may be re-
used. This avoids a lot of extra typing
when you construct the fill file. How-
ever, the fill file must be used from the
disk, and while entries may be used
selectively, it is difficult to remember
which page numbers go with which en-
tries in the file. This makes editing dif-
ficult. WordPro, with its extra memory
feature, allows the fill file and the form
letter to be in memory at the same time,
making editing much easier. Blanks in
the form letter are filled sequentially,
so if the same item has to be reused in
the letter it must appear twice in the
fill file. Selective use of entries from
the fill file is also more difficult.

Handling of Long Files: WordPro
has a chaining feature that allows a
document to extend beyond the capaci-
ty of the computer. Print, search,
search-and-replace, copy, and output-
to-video commands can all be specified
with global options. A global command
will operate not only on the file in

memory, but also on all the files linked
to it and stored on disk.

Wordcraft, instead of chaining files,
uses a "chapter" organization. To con-
tinue a file, save the first as chapter 1,
then assign the continuation to chapter
2 of the same file. Files may be printed
out globally, or by specifying a certain
range of chapter nupibers. Also, in-
dividual pages may be selected. How-
ever, commands such as search, search-
and-replace, and copy act only on the
chapter in memory.

What's Been Added?

Wordcraft' s text size has been
approximately doubled, from about
11,000 characters in Wordcraft 80 to
over 20,000 in Wordcraft Ultra. Word-
craft 80 requires the master disk to be
present in one drive, since the editor
and print module could not reside in
memory at the same time. With Word-
craft Ultra the entire program resides in
memory at one time, leaving both
drives available for file operations.
(The 8032 configuration requires a
ROM, which contains program mod-
ules.) Wordcraft Ultra adds a set of
escape codes that provide such capabili-
ties as selective double-spacing and
centering or right alignment of a series
of lines. Other escape codes handle

(continued)

UPGRADE YOUR AIM-65* INSTANTLY

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With The
"MACH-9

From

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INTRODUCTORY PRICE

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And Handling

Includes:

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*Full I/O Control

"MACH-9" is assembled and tested with
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and 2K Static RAM

M M S Inc.

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Tucson, AZ 85714

(602) 746-0418

WS4-

76

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

PET Vet

(continued)

pitch, vertical spacing, horizontal spac-
ing, and proportional spacing. Unfor-
tunately, these non-printing characters
occupy space on the screen, making it a
less accurate representation of what
will be printed. Also added is support of
Canadian Micro Distributing' s MUPET
multiple-user system. Wordcraft Ultra
also has its own built-in multiple user
system. Another big improvement is
the provision to handle proportional
spacing print wheels. The price of
Wordcraft 80 is $395, while that of
Wordcraft Ultra is $545.

WordPro 5 Plus includes the main
and four extra text areas, each contain-
ing 169 80-character lines. Therefore,
the maximum length of a single file in
memory has not increased from Word-
Pro 4 Plus to WordPro 5 Plus, but then
neither has the price (both $450).
WordPro 5 Plus has added support of
the MUPET system, as well. I have just
barely begun to explore the possible
uses of the extra text areas.

Conclusions

With the possible exception of the
IBM PC, the CBM 8032/8096 has the
best keyboard for microcomputer
business applications. Easy cursor con-
trol, built-in screen editing, and the
separate numeric keypad all con-

tribute. Dedicated word processors
have many special keys on the key-
board for all the things a word processor
has to do. A microcomputer keyboard
has to be used for applications besides
word processing, so it can't afford the
luxury of all the extra keys. Both pro-
grams take advantage of what the com-
puter has to offer.

Overall, I rate Wordcraft as a more
powerful word processor. However,
WordPro is much easier to learn. If you
don't use Wordcraft every day, you will
find yourself frequently looking things
up, even if you learned it thoroughly
the first time around. Beyond that, it
really depends on what you want to do.
If you plan to do a lot of "boiler-
plating" (putting a document together
using standard phrases and paragraphs)
then you will find WordPro easier to
use. If you're working on a really long
document, such as a book, then the
chapter organization of Wordcraft will
be handy. For full control of a variety of
letter-quality printers, for tabular
material, and for material wider than
80 columns, Wordcraft has the edge. A
big point in WordPro's favor is that it is
(in its many versions) already the most
popular word processor on the market
for Commodore systems. This means
that it is easier to exchange files with
other people and that commercial pro-
grams, such as spelling checkers and

data-base managers, will be written for
WordPro first.

When you consider word processors
for the 8096 you shouldn't forget
Silicon Office — a combination word
processor, data-base manager, and com-
munications package. Contributing
Editor Jim Strasma covered it in a full-
length review in MICRO'S June issue.
He was particularly impressed with the
word processor portion. It can handle
long files much better (the whole
disk!), can handle multiple-column
documents, and can perform calcula-
tions using information from the data
base. The $995 price is out of the range
of the word processors covered here,
but if you need a data-base manager,
too, be sure to give Silicon Office a lot
of consideration.

WordPro is distributed to dealers by
Professional Software, Inc., 51 Fremont
Street, Needham, MA 02194. Word-
craft 80 and Wordcraft Ultra are
distributed to dealers by Computer
Marketing Services, Inc., 300 W.
Mailton Pike, Suite 26, Cherry Hill, NJ
08002.

Special thanks to Jim Lucivero of
NEECO in Needham, MA, for the use
of letter-quality printers used in this
review.

ilMCRO

ANNOUNCING A NEW JOURNAL
^^ DEVOTED TO ALL ASPECTS
^Qa of MICROCOMPUTER

Vy^^^S^ UNDERGRADUATE

PREMIER *QU^
ISSUE ^
FEBRUARY 1983 V^V

=^

wr 1 te :

Col leg! ate Microcomputer
Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Terre Haute IN 47803 USA

Prospectus sent upon request.

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No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

77

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78

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No, 54 - November 1!

Apple Hi-Res Graphics
and Memory Use

by Dan Weston

This article examines the
conflicts of programs and hi-res
graphics on the Apple II, plus
several techniques to avoid
these conflicts.

Hi-Res

requires:

Apple II with 32K

when you begin to write long programs
that use the hi-res pages of the Apple II,
you will overwrite the graphic display
area if your program and variables are
longer than 6K. There are many ways
to get around this problem, which in-
volve manipulating the pointers Apple-
soft uses to control memory usage. Here
I discuss several methods for making the
most of your computer's memory.

Normally a BASIC program is loaded
beginning at memory location $800
(2048). The program fills memory up-
wards from $800. LOMEM is set to the
end of the program and will change as
the program changes.

Simple variables are stored from
LOMEM upward as they are defined by
the program. Arrays are stored from the
end of simple variables upward. An ad-
dition to the simple variable space will
push the array variables upward with
no loss of integrity. Finally, string
variables are stored from the top of
available memory, HIMEM, downward
in memory, with new strings being
placed in successively lower memory
locations. The pointers that guide the
placement of variables are summarized
in figure 1, and will be discussed later
in this article.

The problem with this storage
scheme is that the hi-res pages are
located between the program and the

end of memory. Hi-res page 1 display
area sits between $2000 and $4000
(16384-24575), and hi-res page 2 sits
from $4000 to $6000 (24576-32758).
There is a 6K block of memory between
$800 and the beginning of hi-res page 1.
If your program is longer than 6K and
invokes HGR, you will find that the
last portion of your program has been
wiped from memory. Even with pro-
grams shorter than 6K, an HGR call can
wipe out arrays and variables that are
stored above the program.

To avoid this problem, set LOMEM

at the upper end of the hi-res page ( 1 or
2), so that simple variables and arrays
will be stored above the hi-res area
rather than across it. This method re-
quires that the program be less than 6K,
and that the LOMEM statement come
before any variables are defined.
LOMEM: 16384 will store variables
above hi-res page 1. LOMEM: 24576
will store variables above hi-res page 2.
Another method is to put graphics
on hi-res page 2 instead of page 1 . This
frees the 8K bytes of the first hi-res page
for program and variable storage, giving

Figure 1: Applesoft Memory and Variable Pointers

Pointer
Name

Hex Dec Normal Setting Special Effects

Beginning of

Applesoft

program

$67
$68

103
104

program loads
at $800

POKE 103,1
POKE 104,64
POKE 16384,0

POKE 103, 1
POKE 104,96
POKE 24576,0

: program loads
: above hi-res
: page 1

: program loads
: above hi-res
• page 2

LOMEM
beginning of
simple

$69
$6A

105
106

end of current
program

POKE 105,1
POKE 106,64

: put variables
: above hi-res
: page 1

variables

POKE 105,0
POKE 106,8

LOMEM at $800
below hi-res

End of
simple
variables

$6B
$6C

107
108

adjusts with
size of
variable table

POKE 107,0
POKE 108,8

simple
variables
below hi-res

End of array
variables

$6D
$6E

109
110

adjusts with
size of
variable table

POKE 109,0
POKE 110,8

array
variables
below hi-res

End of string
variables

$6F
$70

111
112

adjusts with
size of string
table

POKE 111,0
POKE 112,32

strings put
below hi-res
page 1

HIMEM
beginning of
string data

$73
$74

115
116

top of usable
memory, low end
of DOS buffers

POKE 115,0
POKE 116,32

HIMEM at
$2000, below
hi-res page 1

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

79

Listing 1

100 HCME ! PRIWT "VARIABU; POIWrER CHANGE TEST"

110 PRIWT : PRINT : INVERSE : PRINT "BEPORE M3VE" : HOIMKL : PRINT

PRIWr

120

130

140

150

200

1000

1005

1010

1020

1030

1040

1050

1090

1200

1210

1220

1225

1230

1232

1235

1240

1250
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360

1370
1390
1400
1410

1420
1430
1440
1450
1460
1465
1470

G3SUB 1000: REM
QDSUB 1300: REM
QDSUB 1200: REM
OOSUB 1400: REM
SID
REM PRINT POINTER liXATIONS

PRINT POINTER liXATICNS
CHANGE POINTERS
DBCIARE VARIABI£S
REnmEVB VARIABLES

PEHC (104);"
PEHC (106);"
PEEK (108);"
PEHC (110);"
PEEK (112);"
PEHC (116);"

"UUUOUUOOOO"

PROGRAM BBSmnNG"
t£MEM,VARIAB[£S START"
WD CF SIMPUE VARIABI£S"
BID OF ARRAYS"
BTO OF SraiNGB"
HIMEM.STRRT OF STOINGS"

PRIWT PEEK (103) + 256
PRINT PEHC (105) + 256
PRIWT PEEK (107) + 256
PRIWT PEEK (109) + 256
PRIWT PEHC (111) + 256
PRIWT PEEK (115) + 256
RBIDRN

REM DECIARE SCME VARIABUS
A = 3:B = 6:C* = 7
A$ = "T.t.TJj.rjjJ.rjJ.".R<! =
PRIWT : PRIWT
INPUT "NOJ SIRING?" ;C$
PRIWT : PRIWT
DIM X(l,l,l)
PRIWT : PRIWT : INVERSE
PRIWT : PRINT
OOSUB 1000
RETURN

REM CHANGE POIWTERS
POKE 105,1: POKE 106,8: RBi
POKE 107,1: POKE 108,8: REM
POKE 109,1: POKE 110,8: REM
PCKE 111,255: PCKE 112,31: REM STRINGS
PCKE 115,255: POKE 116,31: REM HIMEM

PRIWT : PRIWT : INVERSE : PRIWT "AFTER POIWTER CHANGE'
: PRINT
OOSUB 1000
REIURN

REM TEST FOR VARIAHUE RETRIEVAL

PRIWT : PRIWT : INVERSE : PRIWT "VARIABI^ RETRIEVAL" : NOIMAL
: PRINT
PRIWT "A=";A

'B=";B

'C%=";C%

'A$=";A$

'B$="rB$

'C$=";<S

PRIWT "AFTER VARIABUBS DEFINED" : NORMAL

ICMB4

SIMPUE VAR WD

ARRAYS

NORMAL : PRINT

PRIWT

PRIWT
PRIWT
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
RETURN

you an effective program space of 14K,
instead of the 6K you would have if you
used page 1. To use page 2, just use
HGR2 instead of HGR.

But there are some problems with
this method. First of all, you cannot
use the four lines of text below the
graphics screen with HGR2. This will
not be a problem if you are using some
sort of hi-res character generator like
the DOS TOOL KIT's HRCG. The
Other problem is that you may want to
use both of the hi-res pages, say for
page-flipping. In this case you would be
back to the original 6K limitation.

The next method that might be use-
ful is to relocate the program above the
hi-res page (or pages). This is done by
POKEing values into the memory loca-
tions that Applesoft looks at to see where
to LOAD or RUN a new program.
These POKEs must be done before the
program is loaded or run, say from a
"hello" program. Here are the POKEs:

to load above page 1
POKE 103,1
POKE 104,64

POKE 16384,0 ; REM A MUST BE
PLACED IN MEMORY
JUST AHEAD OF WHERE
THE PROGRAM WILL
LOAD
to load above page 2
POKE 103,1
POKE 104,96
POKE 24576,0

If the program is loaded above page
1 you will have about 22K (in a 48K
system) for the program and variables.
If you load above page 2, you will have
about 14K. The 6K of memory below
page 1 ($800-$2000) will remain unused
by Applesoft.

Once you have loaded your program
above a hi-res page you will probably
want to figure out some way to use the
memory that is just sitting empty
below page 1. Again, there are several

options. Here are just a few:

1. You can locate shape tables,
especially long tables that will not
fit at location $300, below the hi-res
page, beginning at $800. The table
can either be POKEd into that mem-
ory range or BLOADed at $800. Then
the pointers at 232 and 233, which
tell Applesoft the location of the cur-
rent shape table, should be POKEd to
point to this location. You could put
several tables below page 1 and
change the pointers as the program
used one or another of the tables.

2. The DOS TOOL KIT's high-
resolution character generator
(HRCG) can be forced to load below
page 1 by modifying to LOADHRCG
program from the TOOL KIT. Insert
the statement ' HIMEM: 8190 ' in
the LOADHRCG program just before
the step that says ' PRINT CHR$[4);
"BLOAD RBOOT" '. RBOOT uses
HIMEM to determine where to load
the character generator. By giving a
value of 8190 for HIMEM, the pro-
gram is fooled into putting the
character generator below page 1,
rather than at the top of memory.
You must insert one more step in the
LOADHRCG program: ' HIMEM:
38400 ' is needed to reset HIMEM to
the top of memory, just below the
DOS buffers. This step should come
after the step that reads ' CALL
ADRS: REM INITIALIZE HRCG'.
The value you use to reset HIMEM
will depend on the size of your sys-
tem; the value given is for a 48K
Apple. Check the DOS manual for
the figures for other size systems.

3. If you are writing a very large pro-
gram that uses lots of variables,
especially arrays, you may find that
the variables will overwrite the
strings, or vice versa, and then you
have problems. Applesoft uses a set
of pointers that tell the program
where to store variables as they are
encountered. If you change the
pointers you can fool the program in-
to using the memory below page 1
for variable storage, thus freeing
room at the top of memory for your
program.

See the chart in figure 1 for a more
complete description of the pointers.
Here are the POKEs that will cause a
program loaded above the hi-res area to
place its variables in the memory be-
tween $800 and $2000. Note: These
POKEs must be done before any vari-
ables are used by the program.

POKE 105,0

POKE 106,8 : REM LOMEM AT $800

POKE 107,0

POKE 108,8 : REM SIMPLE VARIABLES
ENTERED AT $800

80

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

Listing 2

]RLN LISTING 1

VARIABLE POIWTER CHANGE TEST

BEFORE MOVE

16385 PROOWM BEGINNING

17481 UMEM, VARIABLES START

17481 END OF SIMPLE VARIABLES

17481 END OF ARRAYS

38400 END OF STRINGS

38400 HIMEM, START OF STRINGS

AFTER POIOTER CHANCZ

16385 PROGRAM BEGINNING

2049 LOMEM.VARIABUS START

2049 END OP SIMPLE VARIABLES

2049 END OF ARRAYS

8191 END OP STRINGS

8191 HIMEM, START OF STRINGS

NEW STRING7ANYSTRING

AFTER VARIABLES DEFINED

16385 PR0C31AM BEGINNING

2049 UWEM, VARIABLES START

2091 END OP SIMPLE VARIABUS

2142 END OP ARRAYS

8182 END OF STRINGS

8191 HIMEM, START OF STRINGS

VARIABLE RETTRIEVAL

ft=3

B=6

C%=7

ft<;=rjJJJJJJlJ.TJ.

B$=OUUUUUUUUU

C$=ANYSTRING

]

POKE 109,0

POKE 1 10,8 : REM ARRAY VARIABLES
ENTERED AT $800

POKE 111,0

POKE 1 12,32 : REM STRINGS ENTERED
AT $2000

POKE 115,0
POKE 116,32

REM HIMEM AT $2000

These values are adjusted
dynamically by Applesoft as variables
are encountered. This is why many of
the pointers are set to the same value
initially. You may want to set the
pointers differently to allow room
below hi-res page 1 for some of the
shape tables or routines that were
discussed in the first part of the article.
Play around with the values until you
can use as much of the Apple's memory
as possible.

Listing 1 tests the use of these
pointers. The program must be loaded
above one of the hi-res pages, as dis-
cussed earlier. The program displays
the pointer values before any manipula-
tion, after they are lowered, and finally
after a selection of variables is defined
by the program. Listing 2 is the output
of this program. It shows how the
variable pointers are high, above the
program, then shift low, below hi-res
page 1, then adjust with the definition
of variables.

Once these values are set this way,
attempts to add lines to the program
will result in an "OUT OF MEMORY"
error, because HIMEM is lower than
the end of the program. Otherwise, the
program should run normally and the
memory manipulations will be trans-
parent to the user.

I cannot hope to have covered all
the tricks that can be used to get the
most out of your Apple, but I hope that
the ideas I have put forward will allow
you to do some exploring and manipu-
lating on your own.

References:

1 . Applesoft Basic Piogiamming Refer-
ence Manual, Apple Computer Co.,
1978, pp 127, 137, 140.

2. Lechner and Worth, Beneath Apple
DOS, Quality Software, 1981, pg.
8-42.

3. Wagner, "Assembly Lines, Part 17,"
Softalk, February, 1982.

Dan Weston is currently teaching a self-
contained eighth grade in Brooks, Oregon.
Contact Mr. Weston at 195 23rd NE,
Salem, OR 97301.

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No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

Atari Character Graphics
from BASIC, Part 2

by Paul Swanson

The author adds fine scrolling to
his character animation
program, and introduces
programming ANTIC'S display
list.

Character Graphics II

requires:

Atari 400/800

Last month (53:84) I showed you a very
simple method for using a custom char-
acter set in BASIC. The amount of
memory saved by using character
graphics instead of map-mode graphics
is substantial. A mode 7 screen would
normally use almost 4K of memory.
Replacing it with character graphics re-
quires ViK for the character set plus
about 240 bytes for the 20 x 12
character screen, for a total of about
770 bytes.

Of course, character graphics does
have its drawbacks. For example, how
do you move an image across the screen
without having it "jump" from one
character position to the next? The nor-
mal ways to put characters on the
screen don't offer many alternatives.
You could invent additional characters
to mimic the movements. All that in-
volves a lot of programming and many
characters for each figure on the screen.

Are character-graphics screens dedi-
cated to only those applications where
nothing on the screen moves unless
you introduce a player or missile? Are
they just to display a pretty background
for your program?

ANTIC

Fortunately, you have an Atari com-
puter. The Atari has not one, but two
microprocessors you can program. The
Atari has one processor, a 6502, which
functions as the "brain" of the system.
It has another, called ANTIC, that con-
trols just the screen display.

ANTIC'S language is a machine lan-
guage, which means it is all numbers,
but the language is easy to learn
because there are only a few instruc-

tions. Its program is called a display
list. Each instruction does something
on the screen taken in order from the
top of the screen to the bottom.

ANTIC'S program usually starts
with "blank 8 lines" instructions,
using three of them so that the dis-
played images are all visible on the
screen. Televisions are set up with
"overscan," which means that part of
the actual picture is off the screen in all
four directions so that the movies and
commercials won't have borders
around them. On the computer, you
usually want to see the whole screen,
so the borders are not so annoying.

Once you have the blank lines out
of the way, you need an instruction
called a Load Memory Scan (LMS) in-
struction, which tells ANTIC where
the next line is in memory that you
want displayed. This command is three
bytes long. The first byte is the LMS in-
struction and the next two define the
memory location.

If you continue using LMS instruc-
tions for each line on the screen, you
can put every line on the screen in a dif-
ferent part of memory. This is not
usually done. Instead, you can follow
an LMS instruction with a Mode Line
instruction, which tells ANTIC to keep
incrementing the memory "pointer"
for each consecutive line.

The last instruction in the display
list is the "Jump on Vertical Blank"
(JVBJ instruction. A JVB tells ANTIC to
wait until the television picture is com-
pleted, which is the end of a sLxtieth-of-
a-second cycle, then "jump" to the
location it has in the two bytes that
follow the JVB. The LMS and the JVB
are both three-byte instructions. The
Blank Line and Mode Line instructions
are both one byte long.

All of this may mean very little to
you without an example. To put an ex-
ample together with the numbers in
decimal would also mean very little
because ANTIC interprets them in
binary. Hexadecimal is a good com-
promise. In hexadecimal and decimal,
the following is the program for ANTIC
that BASIC sets up in response to a

GRAPHICS 18 statement (mode 2
without a text window] :

Hex Decimal Instruction

70

112

Blank 8 lines

70

112

70

112

47

71

LMS ANTIC
mode 7,

XX

XX

= BASIC mode 3,

XX

XX

plus 2-byte
memory location.

07

7

Display ANTIC
mode 7

07

7

07

7

07

7

07

7

07

7

07

7

07

7

07

7

07

7

07

7

41

65

JVB

XX

XX

XX

XX

As you can see, the ANTIC numbers
for the modes are not the same as the
BASIC numbers for the modes. As you
become more familiar with display
lists, you will find that there are more
modes available than the few that
BASIC allows. For this example, you
need to know that BASIC'S mode 2 is
ANTIC'S mode 7,

So, what has all this to do with
moving characters around on a
character-graphics screen? If there is
nothing more to gain than being able to
see what ANTIC 's program looks like,
then this looks like a mildly educa-
tional exercise, right? Read on.

Fine Scrolling

ANTIC has a few more little twists
to it than just displaying normal char-
acters on the screen, or even modified
characters. It has fine scrolling capabil-
ities, both horizontally and vertically.
To use them, you must set the "mode-

82

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

line" instruction of each line in the
display list that corresponds to the line
you want to be able to scroll. That's
why you need to know what the display
list looks like.

Fine scrolling allows you to move
the entire character row |or all of the
rows if you like, which is what the pro-
gram at the end of this article does) one
dot at a time horizontally and/or ver-
tically. Using a combination of fine
scrolling and moving the entire charac-
ter a whole character position will
allow you to move a character display
smoothly.

To see how to enable the fine scroll-
ing function, you must first take apart
the two instructions that result in a
line on the display. In hexadecimal, for
an ANTIC mode 7 display, these in-
structions are the LMS instruction, 47,
and the mode-line instruction, 07. In
binary, these are 0100 0111 and 0000
0111. Using the numbering that makes
the leftmost binary digit number 7 and
the rightmost one number zero, the
binary digits we want are numbers 4
and 5. Number 4 enables horizontal
scrolling: 0101 0111 and 0001 0111.
Number 5 enables vertical scrolling:
0110 0111 and 0010 0111. Setting both
to one enables both: 0111 0111 and
0011 0111.

To use these from BASIC, we need
the decimal equivalent. To enable hori-
zontal and vertical scrolling, add deci-
mal 48, which is binary 0011 0000. That
changes the LMS from 71 to 119 and the
mode-line instruction from 7 to 55. In
decimal, the final display list for a
GRAPHICS 18 screen would be: 112 112
112 1 19 XX XX 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
55 55 65 XX xx, where xx stands for a
memory location not yet determined.

Special Memory Locations

Now that we know what to do with
the display list, where do we find it?
There are special memory locations in
the Atari that can give us, or accept
from us, all kinds of information. For
example, locations 560 and 561 contain
the location of the start of the display
list. If we declare a GRAPHICS 18
screen in a program, then set a variable
to PEEK(560)+PEEK(561)*256, that
variable will have the location of the
display list ANTIC is using. You can
write a new location to 560 and 561 if
you form one on your own, but it is
usually easier to just modify the one
BASIC has already set up.

In the program, we can find the dis-
play list, then modify all the instruc-
tions that display a line on the screen
by adding 48 to it. That will enable the
scrolling we want. We also need a few
other special locations. Two locations
are required to put the amoimt of

1 REM ««« Custom Character Set «««

2 REM ««« Program for Part H »»»

3 REM

4 REM

5 REM ««« Program by «««

6 REM ««« Paul S. Swanson «««

7 REM

8 REM

9 REM Calc. position in mem.

10 DIM S«(1024)
20 A=ADR(S«)

30 B=INT (A/512+1 >«2
40 CBASE=B«25A-A+1

47 REM

48 REM

49 REM Clear S string

50 SS(1)=CHR«(0)

60 S»(1024)=CHR»(0)
70 SS(2>=S«(1)

77 REM

78 REM

79 REM Move standard set down

80 FOR 1=0 TO 511

90 S» <CBASE+I , CBASE+I > =CHR» (PEEK ( 1+57344) >
100 NEXT I

107 REM

108 REM

109 REM Set # to character

110 FOR 1=24 TO 31
120 READ N

130 S« ( I+CBASE, I+CBASE) =CHR« (N)
140 NEXT I

147 REM

148 REM

149 REM OR. 2 - No text window

150 GRAPHICS 18

157 REM

158 REM

159 REM Find Display List

160 DLIST=PEEK (560) +PEEK (561 > «256

162 SLOC=PEEK (DLlST+4) +PEEK (DLlST+5> «256

167 REM

168 REM

169 REM Set scroll enables

170 POKE DLIST+3,PEEK(DLIST+3>+48
180 FOR 1=6 TO 16

190 POKE DLlST+I,PEEK(DLlST+I)+48
200 NEXT I

207 REM

208 REM

209 REM Initialize position

210 VP0S=96
220 HP0S=80
222 POKE 756, B
224 WING=1

226 S=14

227 REM

228 REM

229 REM Draw character in position

230 V=INT(VPOS/16)

232 IF WING=1 THEN SOUND 0,10,0,6

240 VSCR0L=VP0S-V«16

250 H=INT(HP0S/8>

260 HSCROL=HPOS-H«a

262 IF WING=1 THEN WlNe=2: SS (CBflSE+25, CBASE+25) =CHR» (0) : S« (CBASE+26,

CBASE+26 > =CH RS(231>:00T0 266
264 W1NG=1 ; SS (CBASE+25, CBASE+25> =(>«« ( 195) : S« (CBASE+26, CBASE+26 > =CHRS (36)
266 POKE 559,0

270 POKE SL0C+P,0:P=V«24+H:P0KE SL0C+P,3
280 POKE 54276, HSCROL
290 POKE 54277, 15-VSCROL
292 POKE 559,34
294 SOUND O, 10,0,2

297 REM

298 REM

299 REM Read Joystick

300 0LDS=S:S=ST1CK(0>
310 IF S=1S THEN S=OLDS
320 VMOVE=0

330 HMOVE=0

340 IF S=9 OR S=13 OR S=3 THEN VM0VE=2

350 IF S=10 OR S=14 OR S=6 THEN VM0VE=-2

360 IF S>4 AND S<8 THEN W10VE=1

370 IF S>8 AND S< 12 THEN HM0VE=-1

380 IF VMOVE+VPOS>=0 AND VMOVE+VPOS< 191 THEN VPOS=VPOS+VMOVE

390 IF HMOVE+HPOS>=0 AND HMOVE+HPOS< 192 THEN HPOS=HPOS+HMOVE

400 IF VM0VE=2 THEN WING=2

410 GOTO 230

1000 DATA 0,195,36,24,24,36,0,0

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

scrolling we want and one is required to
turn ANTIC off when we change the
scrolling values. If we don't turn AN-
TIC off, we get some very annoying
"snow" on the screen. Other, less
predictable things have been reported
happening when ANTIC was on when
scrolling values were changed.

The Program

It is always easier to see what is
happening when you have a real exam-
ple in front of you. Enter the program
into your Atari so that your reading
keeps up with the amount you have
entered. That will make it easer to see
what's going on.

Lines 1 through 150 are actually all
explained in Part 1 .

Lines 10 through 40 find a ViK
boundary in the S$ string. Lines 50
through 70 clear the S$ string to ASCII
code zeroes. Lines 80 through 100
move the "built-in" character set
down (not required for this program].
Lines 110 through 140 insert the
special character into the set, and line
150 declares graphics mode 2 without a
text window.

After you have lines I through 150
typed into your Atari, enter through line
162. Line 160 sets the variable DLIST

equal to the location where the display
list created by BASIC starts. Line 162
looks at the memory location in that
display list where the screen starts in
memory. This is required later on.

From there through line 200, the
program sets the enable bits on all of
the ANTIC instructions that display a
line on the screen. Since you know that
one will be changed from 71 to 119 and
the other from 7 to 55, you could use
the number 119 in line 170 instead of
PEEK(DLIST-i-3)-i-48 and 55 in line
190 instead of PEEK(DLIST-i-I) -1-48.
The more generalized form in the pro-
gram will make it more easily adapt-
able to other display list applications.

Moving up to line 224 presents a
few unusual statements. These state-
ments initialize everything that didn't
fit into the above categories. VPOS and
HPOS are initialized to somewhere in
the middle of the screen. VPOS and
HPOS are the vertical and horizontal
positions — not character positions,
but the positions in dots — of the figure
we will be moving. Each character is 16
dots high and 8 dots wide. Line 222 sets
the character set base address. This state-
ment was also used in Part I. WING
[line 224) keeps track of which position
the "wings" are in. S is initialized so
that the bird will be flying up when the

main part of the program begins.

Lines 230 through 260 calculate the
character position on the screen with
the remainder from the division deter-
mining the fine-scrolling amount.
Since the characters are 16 dots high
and 8 dots wide in mode 2, these are the
two values by which we divide. The
SOUND statement doesn't have any-
thing to do with the position, exactly.
It is placed there as a matter of timing
so that the "wingflapping" noise is in-
itiated properly.

Lines 262 and 264 take care of put-
ting the wings in the correct position,
alternating by setting WING to 2 if it is
I and to I if it is 2. Again, the subscripts
for the S$ string and the values for the
CHR$ function are explained in Part I .

Finally, we get to where the real ac-
tion takes place in the program. Line
266 puts a zero in location 559, which
turns ANTIC off as soon as it finishes
the current sweep of the screen. The
next statement will not need ANTIC
off, but will function as enough of a
delay to guarantee that the current
sweep of the screen is completed before
the fine scrolling values are POKEd in-
to the special memory locations.

Line 270 erases the old position of
the figure, then calculates the new
position and puts the figure there.

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84

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

POSITION statements do not work
when you enable the scroll because
ANTIC automatically assumes a "wide
playfield" instead of a normal one,
which has 24-character lines instead of
20-character lines. That is why the for-
mula P = V*24 + H is required. The
variable P will be the "old" position for
the next loop, so that you don't have to
calculate anything to erase the old
figure before you POKE the new one
into place.

Lines 280 and 290 set the horizontal
and vertical values into the special
memory locations reserved for them.
Note that the vertical scroll value runs
in the opposite direction and must be
subtracted from its maximum value,
15, to get the correct one. When these
values are POKEd, ANTIC is turned
back on by POKEing 34 into location
559, as is done in line 292. Line 294
stops the "wing-flapping" sound and,
like line 232, is positioned here for the
sake of timing the sound.

Now that we have all of the state-
ments in place for moving the figure
around, we need some way to control
where it moves. I chose the joystick for
input. It is read at line 300. Line 310
causes all readings where the stick is in
the "neutral" position to be ignored.
These two statements will use the last
non-neutral position for the direction,
if the joystick is centered.

When you move the joystick, lines
320 through 390 interpret the move-
ment into the new position by updating
VPOS and HPOS. The vertical move-
ments are all 2 dots at a time to com-
pensate for the difference in the two
dimensions so that the bird will fly up
at about the same rate as it will fly
horizontally. Lines 380 and 390 make
sure the figure stays on the screen, then
line 400 goes back to put the figure
where you just moved it. Line 1000 is
the character shape for the READ at
line 120.

Now you can RUN the program
and move the figure around the screen
with your joystick. If you don't have
a joystick, you should be able to
figure out how to move it with the four
arrow keys.

Notice that the figure does flash a
little when you move it. This happens
when you turn ANTIC off. This can be
limited by decreasing the delay (line
270) after you turn ANTIC off. Remem-
ber that line 270 does not require that
ANTIC be off, so it functions as the
delay. You can shorten the delay as
much as you like until you start getting
snow on the screen when you move the
figure horizontally. You can do this by
breaking the line up so that the first
statement executes before the POKE
559 statement. This snow is the prob-
lem you avoid by turning ANTIC off.

Note that I did include a few state-
ments in the program that weren't des-
cribed. These statements are set up to
cause the bird to flap its wings when it
is moving horizontally or up [i.e.,
VMOVE does not indicate "down").
When the bird moves downward, the
wings do not flap and the flapping
sound stops.

The program is not the most effi-
cient way to scroll character-graphics
screens, but it does show the general
idea of how it is done. You can make
the program more efficient by doing
things like replacing the part that reads
and interprets the joystick with a faster
routine. You may develop a different
way of handling the positions from the
VPOS and HPOS approach. If you keep
the character position and the scroll
values separately, you will not need the
two divisions. If you do it right, you
can gain some speed there. Remember
that the program was written to be in-
structional rather than efficient, so you
should find many areas where you can
speed up.

Play around with the program until
you get ideas on how to use character
graphics for your own programming
project. Your own project will familiar-
ize you with the advantages of charac-
ter graphics. Remember, too, that you
are saving lots of memory.

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No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

85

/MCQO

Apple Slices

By Tim Osborn

This month's column discusses one of
the fundamental elements of any com-
puter system, the block move. I also
present a subroutine to perform block
moves. If you find yourself saying "but
the monitor already includes a block-
move routine," read on; I'll show you
why you may want to use my block
move instead. I'll also show you why it
is sometimes advantageous to use the
monitor's routine.

What Is a Block Move?

A block move is a byte-by-byte
movement of data from one range of
memory to another. The area from
where the data originates is called the
source and the target area is called the
destination. The length of the move is
the difference between the source end
and the source beginning plus one. The
distance of the move is the difference
between the source beginning and the
destination beginning.

Let's use the monitor's routine to il-
lustrate some examples of block moves.
Type in the following sequence:

]CALL -151

(enter the monitor)
*3000:01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

(initialize memory)
*3000 < 3002.3003M

(move 3002 - 3003 to 3000 - 3001)

Now type:

*3000.3007
(dump range of memory)

and receive the following dump:

3000- 03 04 03 04 05 06 07 08

Observe that the block move was suc-
cessful. Now try this:

*3001 < 3000.3006M

(move 3000 - 3006 to 3001 - 3007)
*3000,3007

(dump range of memory)

and receive the following dump:

3000- 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03

The computer first moved 3000 to
3001, then 3001 to 3002, and so on, so
that the full destination range is filled
with the same value.

This situation is called an overlap.
When the destination is higher than the

source combined with an overlap, it is
necessary to move the data starting at
the source end working toward the
source beginning, which is called a
right-move, as opposed to a left-move.
By doing a right-move in the above
example and dumping the range of
memory, the following results would
be obtained:

3000- 03 03 04 03 04 05 06 07

These results are correct.

A similar problem exists where the
destination start address is lower than
the source start address and the two
ranges overlap. In this case the right-
move (source-end first) will cause the
same sort of problems and it is neces-
sary to use the standard left-move
(source start first) to avoid these prob-
lems. When the ranges do not overlap,
it makes no difference which type of
move is used, either the right-move or
the left-move.

1 ;

2 ;
3

****************************

*

BLOCK-MOVE *

4

*

TIM OSBORN *

5

*

6

* A P

PLE SLICES*

7 ,

*

8

9 ;
10
11
12

****************************

PAGE ZERO EQUATES

Al THRU A4 ARE PASSED FROM THE MDNITOR

13

A5 IS

COMPUTED INTERNALLY

14

003C

15 AIL

EPZ $3C rAl=T1E START OF SOUHLIE

003D

16 AIM

EPZ S3D

003E

17 A2L

EPZ $3E ;A2=TiE END OF SOURCE

003F

18 A?l

EPZ $3F

0042

19 A4L

EPZ $42 ;A4=T1E ST7\RT OF DESTINATION

0043

20 A4fJ

EPZ S43

0044

21 A5L

EPZ S44 ;A5=T1E END OF DESTINATION

0045

22 AW

EPZ S45

0800

23

OROO

24

OTHER

EQUATES

OBOO

25

OflOO

26

CTRL-Y VECTOR 1 TTATION

03F8

27 tKRADR

SOU $3F8

OROO

28

0300

29

ORG $300

0300

30

OBJ $800

0300

31

0300

32

START VfILL ESTABLI91 TIE CONTROL-Y

0300

33

VtlL'TOR. VHEH THE fOJITOR ENCOUNTERS

0300

34

A CONTROL-Y IT VfILL JUMP TO ENTRY

0300

35

0300

A9

4C

36 START

IDA #$4C ;JUMP INSTRUCTION

0302

8D

F8

03

37

STA USRADR

0305

A9

10

38

IXA #ENTRlf ;I£W BYTE OF ENTRY ADDRESS

0307

8D

F9

03

39

STA USRADR+1

030\ A9

03

40

liJA /ENTRY ;HI(H BYTE OF ENTRY ADDRESS

030C

8D

FA

03

41

STA USRADR+2

030F

60

42

RTS ! INITIALIZATION COMPIKTE

0310

43

0310

44

DISTL+DIST^ RinYCU: START'S STORAGE

0310

45

SINCE

START IS ONLY NEEDED AT BRUN

0310

46

0300

47 I

3ISTL

BQU START r INTERNAL STORAGE FOR

0301

48 I

3ISTH

EQU START+1 rlHE DISTAtCE OF TIE ICfVE

0310

49

0310

50

ENTTOT

IS TIE MAIN ENTRY POINT

0310

51

vHiai

IS READIED VHEN TIE CTRL-Y

0310

52

IS HJCOUNTERED

0310

53

0310

38

54

TJTRY

SEC rCOMPUTE DISTANCE

0311

A5

42

55

liJA A4L ;BY SUBl'RACTING

0313

E5

3C

56

SBC AIL ;THE SOURCE START (Al) FROM

0315

8D

00

03

57

STA DISTL r THE DESTINATION START (A4)

0318

A5

43

58

LCft A4H

031A

E5

3D

59

SBC AH

031C
031F

8D
18

01

03

60
61

^ """^ (Continued)

86

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

The Block-Move Routine

BLOCK-MOVE (listing 1) incor-
porates the ideas expressed above by
performing all block moves where the
destination address is higher than the
source address with a right-move and
all moves where the destination ad-
dress is lower than the source address
with a left- move.

To install BLOCK-MOVE you must
BRUN the object code. The routine
START will enable the CTRL-Y vector
by initializing a JMP $310 (the address
of BLOCK-MOVE'S ENTRY routine)
into $3F8 through $3FA. When the
monitor encounters a CTRL-Y (control
key pressed simultaneously with the Y
key) it will effectively JSR to $3F8.
After START initializes the CTRL-Y
vector the monitor will effectively JSR
to ENTRY upon encountering a CTRL-Y.

The syntax to use BLOCK-MOVE is
exactly the same as that to use the
monitor M command:

(dest) < (start).(end)

The (end) statement is then followed
by a CTRL-Y instead of the usual M.
When execution reaches ENTRY the
monitor subroutines have already
converted:

1. (dest) to a sixteen-bit integer stored
at $42 through $43 [A4L through
A4Hor A4).

2. (start) to a sixteen-bit integer stored
at $3C through $3D (AIL through
A2H or Al).

3. (end) to a sixteen-bit integer stored
at $3E through $3F {A21 through
A2Hor A2).

All of the above values are in
modulo-256 form in low-byte, high-
byte order. A user- written program can
make use of BLOCK-MOVE by setting
up the above values and JSRing to
ENTRY.

BLOCK-MOVE must first compute
the distance (DISTL through DISTH,
$300 through $301) by subtracting Al
from A4 and storing the results at DIST
(see lines 54 through 60). After this,
DIST is added to A2 to obtain the
destination end address — A5 (lines 61
through 67). Next destination start is
compared to the source start in lines 68
through 76. If the source start is greater
than the destination start, the
MOVELT routine is used to perform
the block move. If the destination start
is greater than the source start then
MOVERT routine is used. If the
destination start is equal to the source
start then no move is performed and an
RTS is done at line 74.

MOVERT takes bytes starting at A2

0320 AD

00 03

62

UA DISTL

•ADD DISTANCE

0323 65

3E

63

ADC A2L

•TO SOURCE END

0325 85

44

64

STA A5L

•TO OWl'AIN DESTINATION END

0327 AD

01 03

65

UA DISTH

032A 65

3F

66

ADC A21

032C 85

45

67

STA AM

032E AS

42

68

U3A A4L

•.SEE IF DESTINATION IS

0330 C5

3C

69

CMP AIL

•GREATER OR I£SS IH.AN SOURCE

0332 DO

07

70

BNE anwi

0334 A5

43

71

IDA A*!

•ALSO CHECK TO MAKE SURE

0336 E5

3D

72

SBC AlH

•THAT Al DOES 'NT = A4

0338 DO

05

73

ENE BTVfCn

033A 60

74

RTS

•A1=A4 SO REOTRN

033B A5

43

75

ENTrori

IDA pm

033D E5

3D

76

SBC AlH

•SOUHCE

033F BO

03

77

E>TrRY2

BCS tfJJEKV

•IT'S GREATER -M3VE RIOTT

0341 4C

67 03

78

JMP rCWELT

■IT'S I£SS -M3VE USFT

0344

79

0344

80

-MOVERT

M3VES THE DATA STARTING AT TIE

0344

81

•SOURCE

END WORKING TOWARDS THE

0344

82

SOUHCE

BEGINNING

0344

83

0344 AO

00

84 MOVERT

UW #$00

0346 31

3E

35 M3VERT1

IDA (A2L),Y

GO FROM OID END

0348 91

44

86

STA (A5L),Y

TO NEW END

034A C6

44

87

DEC A5L

DECREMENT DESTINATION POINTER

034C A9

FF

88

LCft #$FF

034E C5 44

89

CMP A5L

IF A5I;=SFF

0350 DO

02

90

alE IOVERT2

0352 C6

45

91

DEC AM

IHEN DEEREMEJTT A5H

0354 C6

3E

92 ya/EKTl

DEE A2L

DECRIMEJ^ SOURCE POINTER

0356 C5

3E

93

CMP A2L

IF A2li=$FF

0358 DO

02

94

are MC)VERT3

035A C6

3F

95

DEC A71

1MEN DBCREMEm" A7H

035C A5

44

96 M3VERT3

IDA A5L

SEE IF WE HAVE M3VED

035E C5

42

97

CMP A4L

ALL BYTES (A5=A4)

0360 A5

45

98

IDA A91

0362 E5

43

99

SBC A4H

0364 BO

EO

100

BCS M3VERT1

NO MUST CONTINUE

0366 60

101

RTS

ALL DONE

0367

102

0367

103

MCVELT

NDVES THE DATO STORTING AT

0367

104

THE BEGINNING OF THE SOUHCE WORKING

0367

105

TOWARDS

THE END OF TIE SOURCE

0367

106

0367 AO

00

107 ^

OVELT

Ufi #$00

INITI.ALI2E Y-REG

0369 Bl

3C

108 t

OVELTl

UA (A1L),Y

MOVE FRCM OID SOURCE

036B 91

42

109

STA (A4L),Y

TO NEW DESTINATION

036D E6

3C

110

INC AIL

INCREMENT SOURCE POINTER

036F DO

02

111

BNE M3VELT2

IF EX3UAL TO ZERO

0371 B6

3D

112

INC AlH

THEN INCREMEOT HICH BYTE

0373 E6

42

113 ^

CIVELT2

INC A4L

ItCREMETfT DEST POIVl'tK

0375 DO

02

114

are rciVELT3

IF EQUAL TO ZERO

0377 B5

43

115

ItC A4H

THEN INCREMENT HIOT BYTE

0379 A5

44

116 ^

OVELT3

IDA A5L

CHEEK TO SEE IF

037B C5

42

117

CMP A4L

WE ARE DONE WITH MOVE (A4=A5)

037D A5

45

118

IDA A5H

037F E5

43

119

SBC A41

0381 BO

E6

120

BCS rCWELTl

NOT DONE, lOOP

0383 60

121

RTS

EISE REnjRN TO CAiiFR

0384

122

END

(source end) and moves them to A5
(destination end). It decrements both
values moving another byte after each
decrement until A5 = A4, which
means the destination pointer is equal
to the destination beginning. (See lines
84 through 101.)

MOVELT takes bytes starting at Al
(source start) and moves them to A4
[destination start). It increments both
values moving another byte after each
increment until A4 = A5, which
means that the destination pointer is
equal to the destination end. (See lines
107 through 122.)

Both routines return to the monitor
(or user- written program) when they

have completed their task. Experiment
with BLOCK-MOVE and the monitor
move command to get a feel for the dif-
ferences between the two routines.

The advantage of using the monitor
subroutine is that it allows you to in-
itialize memory to desired patterns of
byte values. It can be very handy, for
instance, to initialize ranges of
memory to binary zeros, but it is not
limited to that. All sorts of patterns can
be created depending upon the nature
of the overlap. For those times when
you are moving data forward with
overlapping ranges of memory, use
BLOCK-MOVE.

jMcaa

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

87

/MCftO

Reviews in Brief

Product Name:
Equip, req'd:
Price:

Manufacturer:

The Programmable Cube

Apple II with 48K or 64K and DOS 3.3

$34.95 includes diskette and extensive

documentation

Metacomet Software

P.O. Box 31337

Hartford, CT 06103
Description: This program will solve a Rubik's cube.
"Cube" will scramble a cube and solve it for you. It also
has an option to make designs and patterns. It is easy to
use and relies on standard cube notation for entering moves.

Pluses: The Piogiammable Cube comes with an extensive
user's guide to teach how to write programs to make
designs or even solve cubes based on your own cube-solving
strategy. It has a "mirror" behind the graphics cube to
show the obverse sides of the cube. The program also in-
cludes simulated rotation of the cube as moves are made.
You can enter a cube of your choice or choose the order of
the colors on the cube.

Minuses: The language, while not difficult to learn, is
similar to many of the graphics-control programs and
takes a fair amount of time to become familiar with it.

Skill level required: Ability to follow directions is needed
to run the solving portion. Previous programming ex-
perience in any language would be a help to program in
cube language.

Reviewer: Phil Daley

Product Name: Ghost Gobbler

Equip, req'd: TRS-80 Color Computer with 16K

Price: $21.95/cassette; $24.95/disk

Manufacturer: Spectral Associates

141 Harvard Ave.

Tacoma, WA 98466
Description: Ghost Gobbler is Spectral Associates' version
of the popular arcade game, PAC-MAN. Using a joystick,
you control a gobbler that travels around a maze eating
dots. You must be wary of the four ghosts that also fre-
quent the maze. If they catch you, you will be eaten. Your
only protection is to eat an "energizer" dot, whereupon
you can score points by gobbling the ghosts. There are
17-1- screens, and extra points can be gained by gobbling
bonus shapes. Extra men can be gained by scoring high.

Pluses: The game is in 6809 machine language, and comes
on cassette. The program will load onto disk and execute
properly from disk once loaded. The game is fast action,
and operates smoothly in all skill levels. A teleportation
spot allows the player to quickly escape to another section
of the board. Sixteen skill levels are available, so novices
and experts can compete on a more even scale.

Minuses: The game supports only one player at a time,
though it does keep records of the ten highest scorers. It
operates as a linear device rather than a switch type. Many

users complain of the joystick action at first, but practice
does improve its action.

Documentation: A single sheet instruction.

Skill level required: Anyone who can handle a joystick can
play the game, but expert skills are required to get past the
first two or three screens.

Reviewer: John Steiner

Product Name:
Equip, req'd:

Price:
Manufacturer:

Speed Reader

Apple II with Applesoft in ROM and

DOS 3.3

$

Special Delivery Software

10260 Bandley Drive

Cupertino, CA 95014
Description: Speed Reader is a five-part reading program
designed to improve comprehension and increase reading
speed through the development of concentration, atten-
tion span, and more effective eye movement. Two copies
of the Speed Reader Master Program diskettes, one copy of
the Speed Reader Data diskette, and an easy-to-read
manual are included in the software package. The main
menu has five lessons: warm-up excercise (letters), warm-
up exercise (words), eye movement exercise, column
reading lesson, and reading passage lesson.

Pluses: The manual contains charts for each lesson on
which progress can be recorded; user's scores are provided
after each activity is completed. Several reading selections
are offered in Lessons 3, 4, and 5, most of which are in-
formative and interesting. You can increase reading speed,
change column justification, and decrease window size in
Lessons 3, 4, and 5.

Minuses: Vocabulary level and topics of several selections
are beyond that of an average fifth-grade student. It is not
clear to the user whether the RETURN key should be used
to continue the program; no editing is permitted and selec-
tions cannot be added to the disk. Only one user can use
Speed Reader; booting the diskette will not provide several
users with the program.

Skill Level Required: Grades five through adult; private in-
struction. Spelling proficiency is a must as well as typing
skills.

Reviewer: Cathy LaSalle

Product Name: GR2716 ROM/EPROM Emulator

Equip, req'd: Not applicable

Price: $78.00

Manufacturer: Greenwich Instruments Limited

U.S. Distributor: LMS Electronics

3401 Monroe Road

Charlotte, NC 28205
Description: The GR2716 EPROM Emulator is a pin-for-
pin replacement of the 2716 EPROM for use during system

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

Reviews in Brief (continued)

development. The device consists of RAM memory and a
lithium power cell housed in a 24-pin package about .6 in-
ches high. When used in the read mode, the device is plug-
ged into a normal system EPROM socket, and functions
exactly like an EPROM. Connectors with leads are sup-
plied also. The package is provided with three additional
wirewrap connections on the end between pins 1 and 24.
Two of these pins are connected to the system reset to pre-
vent inadvertent writing to the memory during system
restart. When the third pin, labeled WE, is connected to a
normal system static-write enable signal, it causes the cir-
cuit to function as a static RAM chip. The battery is
guaranteed to retain memory for three years, with ten
years quoted as typical. Other versions are available to
replace other EPROMS.

Pluses: This processor performs exactly as specified. The
documentation is terse, but adequate. New literature has
come out since this review. Sample WE circuits are given
for several CPUs.

Minuses: The legs appear fragile and could be broken easily.
The problem can be circumvented by installing the
GR2716 into a 24-pin soldertail socket and then plugging
the entire assembly into the system. One other minor
problem is the placement of the WE and Reset pins on the
end of the device. There -have been fit problems on crowded
boards, but the chip-in-a-socket approach also solved this
problem by raising the chip above board level.

Skill level lequiied: Reasonably serious hardware and
machine-language system software developer.

Reviewer: Wayne D. Smith

Product Name; Telewtitei (disk version)

Equip, req'd; TRS-80C, 16K, RS disk system,

printer
Price: $49.95 cassette, $59.95 disk

Manufacturer: Cognitec

704 Nob Ave.

Del Mar, CA 92014

(714) 755-1258
Description: Telewritei is a word processor for the TRS-
80C. The editor features a cursor-oriented, 51- x
24-character display with real lower-case characters. The
graphics screen is used for text display, and provides a
much greater area of visible text than most color computer
word processors.

Pluses: Telewritei is one of the better editors I have seen.
Many features, including embedded printer commands,
not found on more expensive processors, are available in
Telewritei.

Minuses: Requires a disk I/O program on disks. The
binary file format adds extra steps when using Telewritei
with an ASCII file. Neither horizontal scrolling nor right
justification is supported.

Documentation: Seventy pages of well-written reference
material are included.

Skill level required: No previous experience with word
processors is required.

The watch is quiet. Scanner,s
show nothing of rebel activity as you comb

QUADRANT

Suddenly, a stargate gapes open, A lone rebel

ship surges into space. More alien

comrades follow in attack. You

must hold the Quadrant

From the invaders.

And you must

doit alone!

Reviewer: John Steiner

iSMCftO

You're combing the quadrant, defending your turf,
and suddenly, as if from nowhere, an alien ship
appears. You spin and shoot, lazers blazing and
blast him into oblivion, with more attackers soon
to follow. The battle continues and you gain the
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' Phone (313) 399-8877

TM Designates (J.S. Trademarl^s of Sensible Software Inc.
CoDvriqfit 1982 Sensible Software Inc.

m

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

89

li.V

liiiiilsa'

IKNIIBM-PC

HOW TO WRITE AN APPLE

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O

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complete chaos is a new MonsterMasher System and quick reflexes.

Monster Mash is an original and unique arcade action game written in
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$29.95

No, 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

Beware
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'Apple II is a trademaric of Apple Computer, Inc.

Getting Around the Apple
Hi-Res Graphics Page

by Eagle I. Berns

This article describes a method
to split an Applesoft BASIC
program in order to make
available the core both above
and below the hi-res pages. This
allows the program to utilize the
graphics area without having to
sacrifice portions of memory.

GETTING

requires:

Apple II with 32K
RENUMBER

If your Apple II has 48K of memory, and
you write a program that starts at
$0800 (hex) and goes to, say, $4100,
you may notice that though there's still
a lot of core available for your program,
you have lost the ability to use either of
the hi-res graphics pages (the first runs
from 2000 to 3FFF and the second from
$4000 to $5FFF). When this problem
came up for me, I wondered if there
might be some way to have my pro-
gram bridge the gap over either or both
the graphics areas and continue on the
other side.

In reading current literature I found
various references to ways in which
this could be done. However, they all
required multiple steps and patching
source statements. What I wanted was
an automatic process. There are several
EXEC files used in the process I even-
tually developed, but the user of the
program need only issue the one com-
mand "RUN SPLIT", and the rest of
the process is automatic.

The EXEC files and utility program
needed to do the job are listed at the
end of this article. First, however, I will
give a general description of how the
task is accomplished, and then a detailed
description of the program itself.

Basically, the statements of the
Applesoft program to be split are scanned
via their internal pointer links from
statement to statement, until the last

statement before location $2000 is
reached. At this point a number of
dummy statements are inserted. (This
version uses the SiRenumber utility
from the Apple II tool kit to renumber
the program in a way that allows the in-
sertion of a number of dummy state-
ments. A simple modification is neces-
sary if some other renumber utility is
used.) The utility then proceeds to find
the link that exists between the loca-
tion before $2000, and the location

directly after $4000. It then finds the
places to POKE, relinking the program
across the dummy statements (where
the graphics area is located). Since a
LOAD will reset all links, the two
POKEs must be a part of the original
program. Also, since the POKEs must
be there when the split is complete,
they must be inserted before we begin
the split, so as not to destroy the
relative positioning of statements in
the program.

Listing 1: SPLIT

100 TEXT : HOME

110 PRIWr "ENTEE NAME CP PROGRAM TO SPLIT": PRINT : PRINT : HTAB (7): INPUT

A$
120 PRIWT
130 PRIWr "ENTER I01EM ADDRESS FOR ITADING PROGRAM": PRINT : PRIOT : HTAB

(7) : INPUT L
140 mxm : PRIWT "ENTER 1 IF SPUTTI^JG OVER 4GR1,"
150 PRIWT " 2 IF SPUTTING OVER H(3R2,"

160 PRIHT " IF SPUTTING OVER BOTH . "

170 PRIWT : PRIWT "VHICH ";: INPUT S
180 A = IWT (L / 256)
190 B = L - A * 256
200 REM

PCKE 210,8: REM SAVE liDMEM

POKE 211, A

REM

RM SET SPUT BOUNDS.

REM 212 nous START OF PAGE

REM 213 HOUS LENGIH

REM 771 HOUS LENGIH

REM

IF S = 1 THEN 320

IF S = 2 T^iEN 330

IF S = THEN 340

GOTO 140

POKE 213,32:
POKE 213,32:
POKE 213,64

210
220
230
240
250
251
260
270
230
290
300
310
320
330
340
350

GOTO 360
GOTO 360

POKE 212,32:
POKE 212,64:
POKE 212,32;
REM

360 D$ a CHR$ (4)
370 PRINT D$; "OPEN SPL.SETOP"

PRIWT D$;"DEI£rE SPL.SETOP"
PRIWT D$;"0PEN SPL.SBIUP"
PRIWT D$; "WRITE SPL. SETUP"
PRIWT "FP"
PRIWT "RUN LDADAPA"
PRIWT "POKE 103, ";B + 1
PRIWT "POKE 104, ";A

PCKE ";B;",0"

IflAD ";A$

&R 2,1"
PRIWT "1 POKE 0000,000:POKE 0000,00"
PRINT "SAVE SPLITPHOG"
PRIWT "EXE SPL. FINDER"
PRIWT D5;"CIi3SE SPL.SEIUP"
PRIWT D5;"EXIC SPL.SBIUP"

380
390
400
410
420
422
424
426
430
440
450
460
470
480
490

PRIWT
PRIWT
PRIWT

No, 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

93

When the RUN SPLIT command is
issued, you see the following:

ENTER THE NAME
GRAM TO SPLIT
< type in the name >

OF THE PRO-

FOR

ENTER LOMEM ADDRESS
LOADING PROGRAM
<Normally this is 2048 (or $0800], but
you may change this, if you like >

ENTER 1 IF SPLITTING OVER HGRl
2 IF SPLITTING OVER HGR2
IF SPLITTING OVER BOTH

WHICH; <your choice depending on
your needs >

modifications since SPLITPROG does
not accept modifications gracefully.

Now I will present the programs and
support utilities, with a description of
their execution sequence.

SPLIT Description

Lines 180-350 are POKEd away for
the rest of the utilities to use. Loc's 210
and 211 are for program start-up loca-
tion,- 212 and 213 are the addresses for
the boundaries of the split.

Lines 370-400 and 580-590 create
and execute SPL. SETUP, which does
the following:

LOAD < program > < loads the
program >

<Si.R 2, 1 < renumbers to

allow a dummy
line 1 to be
inserted that will
be modified >

1 POKE 0000,000:POKE 0000,00
SAVE SPLITPROG <this will
eventually
become the split
program >

EXEC SPL.FINDER <goes off to find
where to split >

Then wait as your screen goes
through some contortions, writing
messages, etc. Finally it will write out:
END OF JOB. A program called SPLIT-
PROG will have been created which,
when run, will not be interfered with if
hi-res graphics are used. Be sure to hold
on to the original program for making

FP

RUN LOADAPA

< cleans things
up a bit >
<from Apple II
Tool Kit >

POKE 103, <addrl > <set up LOMEM
POKE 104,<addr> for loading the
POKE < loo, user program to
be split >

Listing 2: SPLIT FINDER

63980 1=1+ PEEK (210) + PEEK (211) * 256

63981 J = PEEK (l -t- 1)

63982 IF J = PEEK (212) THEN 63987

63983 M = 1:1 = J * 256 + PEEK (I)

63984 IF I <> THEN 63981

63985 PRIWT "PROGRAM DOES NOT RE?01 HI(H-RES PAGE"

63986 END

63987 POKE 208, PEEK (M + 2): POKE 209, PEHC (M + 3)

63988 POKE 103, 1: POKE 104, 8: POKE 2048,

63989 PRINT CHR$(4);"R0N SPL. EXEC MAKER"
RUN 63980

Listing 3: SPLIT EXEC MAKER

5 Y = 36

6 IF PEEK (213) = 64 THEN Y = 72

7 Z = PEEK (209) * 256 + PEEK (208)

8 D$ = CHR$ (4)

9 PRIWT D$;"OPEN TmPEXBC;"

10 PRIWT D$r"DEUnE TEMPEXBd"
20 PRIWT D$,-"OPEN TMPEXEC"

30 PRIWT D$; "WRITE TEMPEXEC"

31 PRIWT "POKE 103,PEEK(210)+1"

32 PRIWT "POKE 104,PEEK(211)"

33 PRIWT "POKE (PEEK(210)+256*PEEK(211) ) ,0"

34 PRIWT "ITAD SPUTPROG"

35 PRIWT "S.R ";Z + 3 + Y;",1,";Z

36 PRIWr Z;" GOTO ";Z + 3 + Y

37 PRIWr Z + 1;" REM SPUT"
40 EDR I=Z + 2TOZ + 2+Y

50 PRIWr I;" Vm SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT S
PUT SPLIT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPL
IT SPLIT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT
SPUT SPUT SPUT SPUT SPU"

60 NEXT I

65 PRIWr "EXEC SPL.PATCHER"

70 PRIWT D$; "CLOSE TEMPEXEC"

80 PRIWr D$;"EXEC TEMPEXEC"

SPL.FINDER Description

The EXEC is copied to the end of
the user program and then that part is
executed.

Lines 63980-63984 scan the pro-
gram to be split to find the statement
just preceding the hi-res page beginning.

Lines 63984-63986: if the program
isn't large enough to require splitting,
we stop here.

Lines 63987-63988 POKE away the
statement number detected for later use.

Line 63989 invokes the next phase,
which does the actual splitting process.

SPL.EXEC MAKER Description

Lines 5-6 compute the number of
dummy REM SPLIT statements to be
inserted to cover the appropriate
graphics area.

Line 7 retrieves the line number
where the split starts.

Lines 8-80 create and execute
TEMPEXEC, which performs the
following functions upon invocation:

Lines 31-34 set up the appropriate
LOMEM value and then load
SPLITPROG.

Line 35 renumbers the program to
allow insertion of the REM split
statements.

Line 36 adds a GOTO statement
around the REMs so they can't be
executed.

Lines 37-60 add the dummy REM
statements.

Line 65 EXECs the final phase of the
splitting process, which creates the ap-
propriate POKE for line 1 to relink the
final program execution.

94

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

Listing

4: SPLIT PATCHER

63970

1=1+ PEEK (210) + 256 * PEEK (211)

63971

Jl = PEEK (208) :J2 = PEEK (209)

63972

IF ( PEEK (I + 2) - Jl) AND ( PEEK (I + 3) = J2) THEN 63976

63973

I = PEEK (I) + PEEK (I + 1) * 256:M = I

63975

QOTD 63972

63976

K = M

63977

J = PEEK (M + 1)

63978

IF J - ( PEEK (212) + PE:EK (213)) THEN 63981

63979

M - J * 256 + PEEK (M)

63980

C30TO 63977

63931

PRINT G1R$ (4); "OPEN TEMPEXEE"

63982

PRINT CTR$ (4); "DELETE TEMPEXEE"

63983

PRINT CHR$ (4); "OPEN TEMPEXEC"

63984

PRINT CHRS (4); "WRITE TEMPEXEC"

63985

PRINT "1 POKE ";K;",";

63986

L = PEEK (M):J = 2: IF L > 9 THEN J = 1 : IF L > 99 THEN 63988

63987

PRINT LEET$ ("000", J);

63988

PRIWT L;": POKE ",-K + 1;","; PEEK (M + 1)

63989

PRINT "PRINT CHR$(4);"; CHR$ (34);"DEIZTE SPL.SEriUP"; CHR$ (34)

63990

PRINT "DEL 63970,63995"

63991

PRIWT "SAVE SPLITPRX;"

63992

PRINT "PRINT "; CHR$ (34)r"END OF JOB"; CHR$ (34)

63993

PRINT "PRINT 01R5(4)r"; 01R$ (34); "DELETE TEMPEXEC"; CHR$ (34)

63994

PRINT CHR$ (4);"ClJ3eE TEMPEXEC"

63995

PRINT CHR$ (4); "EXEC TEMPEXEC"

RUM 63970

SPL.PATCHER Description

The EXEC is copied to the end of
the user program and then that part is
executed.

Lines 63970-63980 compute the ac-
tual machine addresses before and after
the split, which must be modified to
relink the program.

Lines 63981-63995 create and EXEC
TEMPEXEC, which does the following:

Lines 63985-63988 replace the
initial dummy POKE with the ap-
propriate POKE for relinking the
program.

Lines 63989-63993 clean up
some of the garbage left by the pro-
cess, save the final SPLITPROG, and
print the "END OF JOB" message.

As you can see, a lot goes on, and a
number of EXEC files are executed.
This is mainly for the purpose of mak-
ing the entire process automatic. I
welcome any changes or modifications
that would streamline the process.

Mr. Berns has been involved in computing
since 1959, working on large-scale
computer systems as a systems analyst/
programmer . He has written both the
BASIC compiler and interpreter and the
LISP system for Stanford University where
he has been employed for the past 14
years. He may be contacted at 735 La Para
Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94306.

ilMCftO

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No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

Extra Colors for the Atari

by Richard I. and Donna M. Marmor

' !

Two techniques are presented to
achieve extra colors on the Atari
screen. One uses alternating
adjacent dots of different colors,
while the other uses alternating
displays of different colors.

Extra Colors

requires:

Atari 400/800 (8K)

Atari graphics modes are limited in the
number of colors that can be displayed
at any one time. In Mode 7, for exam-
ple, only four colors can be used. There
are many techniques available that will
expand your choices. In this article we
describe two of them and provide sam-
ple program illustrations.

Color Dot Mixing

With this technique you place pix-
els of different colors next to one
another in an alternating pattern. For
instance, a red pixel followed by a blue
pixel followed by a red pixel, and so on.
In a relatively large bounded area, such
as a square, the overall perceived shade
is distinct from the individual colors
comprising the pattern. Using this ap-
proach, the number of distinct colors in
Mode 7 expands to 10: primary colors
1, 2, 3, and 4; and the "mixed" colors
1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-3, 2-4, and 3-4. Of
course, you must make a judicious
choice of the four primary colors so
that the mixed colors will look good
and appear distinct.

Program 1 will help in your explora-
tion of Color Dot Mixing. It places two
sets of two squares on a Mode 7 screen,
one against a white background and
one against a black background. The
program then asks you to type in a pair
of color- luminance combinations. It
colors a square in each set with each
color you chose, and then shows you
the result of the mix in a square directly
below. Why are there two sets of
squares? Since colors look different

Listing 1

1 REM ««PROGRAM 1**

2 REM

3 REM ILLUSTRATES COLOR DOT MIXING

4 REM YOU INPUT THE COLORS YOU WANT

5 REM THE PR06RAM THEN DISPLAYS THEM

6 REM AND MIXES THEM FOR YOU-

7 REM AGAINST A WHITE AND BLACK BACKGROUND

8 REM

10 GRAPHICS 7

20 SETCOLOR 0,0, 14i COLOR 1

30 FOR 1-80 TO 159 STEP 1

40 PLOT I,0lDRAWTO I,79iNEXT I

S0 PLOT 10, 10

60 DRAWTO 20,10lDRAWTO 20,203DRAWTO 10,20>DRAWTO 10,10

70 PLOT 30, 10

80 DRAWTO 40, 10IDRAWTO 40,20:DRAWTO 30,20sDRAWTO 30,10

90 PLOT 20,30

100 DRAWTO 30, 301 DRAWTO 30, 40> DRAWTO 20, 40: DRAWTO 20,30

110 COLOR

120 PLOT 90, 10

130 DRAWTO 100, 101 DRAWTO 100, 201 DRAWTO 90, 20: DRAWTO 90,10

140 PLOT 110,10

1S0 DRAWTO 120,10iDRAWTO 120,20:DRAWTO 1 10, 20: DRAWTO 110,10

160 PLOT 100,30

170 DRAWTO 110, 301 DRAWTO 1 10,401 DRAWTO 100,40: DRAWTO 100,30

180 COLOR 2

190 FOR I-ll TO 19 STEP 1

200 PLOT I,lliDRAWTO 1,19

210 PLOT I-t-e0,lliDRAWTO I-i-e0, 19

220 NEXT I

230 FOR 1-21 TO 29 STEP 2

240 FOR J=31 TO 39 STEP 2

250 PLOT I, J I PLOT 1+80, J

260 NEXT J I NEXT I

262 FOR 1=22 TO 29 STEP 2

264 FOR J-32 TO 39 STEP 2

266 PLOT I, J I PLOT 1+80, J

268 NEXT J I NEXT I

270 COLOR 3

280 FOR 1-31 TO 39 STEP 1

290 PLOT I,11:DRAWT0 1,19

300 PLOT 1+80, 11 1 DRAWTO 1+80,19

310 NEXT I

320 FOR 1-22 TO 29 STEP 2

330 FOR J-31 TO 39 STEP 2

340 PLOT I, J I PLOT 1+80, J

350 NEXT J: NEXT I

352 FOR 1=21 TO 29 STEP 2

354 FOR J =32 TO 39 STEP 2

356 PLOT I, J I PLOT 1+80, J

358 NEXT J I NEXT I

360 PRINT "First color (0-15), lum<0-14 even)"

370 INPUT CF,LF

380 PRINT "Second color (0-15), lum<0-14 even)"

390 INPUT CS,LS

400 SETCOLOR 1,CF,LF

410 SETCOLOR 2,CS,LS

420 PRINT J PRINT : PRINT

430 PRINT "First: Color="iCF5" Lum="iLF

440 PRINT "Second: Color = ";CS;" Luni=";LS

450 GOTO 360

96

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No, 54 - November

against different background colors, we
decided to experiment with different
backgrounds.

You can easily modify this program
to further enlarge the technique. Why
not mix more than two colors? Or how
about different cycles; one red pixel
followed by two blue pixels, for exam-
ple? Try background colors other than
black and white. You'll really see the
difference!

The possibilities from color dot
mixing are great and they are suitable
for many applications. The resulting
colors, however, appear rather coarse to
the eye. The next technique uses dis-
play list interrupts to create new colors
that are much purer and far more pleas-
ing to the eye.

Color Dot Alternation

To understand this technique, we
must first review some Atari display
theory. When you look at a display on
your television or monitor, it appears
almost as if the display is painted on
the screen. Actually, the display is be-
ing regenerated by ANTIC, 60 times per
second. But this is so fast that you
don't see the resulting flicker.

An explanation of the display list
and display list interrupts appears in
many places, so we won't go into that
in great detail: just enough to give a
frame of reference. Every 60th of a sec-
ond [or frame), ANTIC goes through its
display list and associated display
memory, retrieving the color register
number for a given pixel from display
memory and displaying the pixel at the
correct point on the screen in the color
specified in the appropriate color regis-
ter. What would happen if, on alternate
frames, different colors were displayed
for the same pixel? During frame 1, for
instance, the color of a pixel might be
red. During frame 2, it might be blue.
During frame 3, it would go back to
red, and so on. The result, according to
color wheel theory, is that the pixel
should appear purple. And indeed it
does. If you kept track which pixels of
your display should be pure red, which
should be pure blue, and which should
be alternating red-blue, you would ob-
train three pure and distinct colors for
the price of two! In a Mode 7 display,
this makes 10 colors a possibility.

This technique may be imple-
mented in several ways. Program 2
demonstrates one way. As in program
1, program 2 asks you to type in two
color- luminance combinations. These
colors are displayed in separate squares,
and then below them a rectangle is dis-
played with the colors alternating on
different display frames.

The alternation is produced by the

Listing 2

1 REM **PROGRAM 2**

2 REM

3 REM ILLUSTRATES COLOR DOT ALTERNATION

4 REM YOU INPUT THE COLORS YOU MANT

5 REM THE PROGRAM THEN DISPLAYS THEM

6 REM AND MIXES THEM FOR YOU

7 REM

10 QRAPHICS 7

20 SETCOLOR 4,0,14

30 PRINT "FIRST CaLOR(0-lS>, LUM<0-14 EVEN)"

40 INPUT CF.LF

S0 PRINT "SECOND CaLOR(0-lS>, LUM(0-14 EVEN}"

60 INPUT CS.LS

70 SETCOLOR 0,CF,LF

80 SETCOLOR 1,CS,LS

90 COLOR 1

100 FOR I>21 TO 39

110 PLOT I,21:DRAMT0 I,39:NEXT I

120 COLOR 2

130 FOR I-Sl TO 69

140 PLOT I,21:0RAWT0 I,39|NEXT I

170 SETCOLOR 2,0,0

180 COLOR 3

190 FOR 1-26 TO 54

200 PLOT I,SltDRAMTO 1, 69a NEXT I

210 POKE 36770,240

215 RESTORE

220 FOR 1-0 TO 39

230 READ AiPOKE lS36-t-I, AaNEXT I

240 DATA 72,138,72,169,0,141,10,212

250 DATA 141 , 24, 208, 169, 20, 141 , 0, 2

260 DATA 104,170,104,64,72,138,72

270 DATA 169,0,141,10,212,141,24,208

280 DATA 169,0,141,0,2,104,170,104,64

290 POKE 1540, CF«16-t-LFi POKE 1560,CS«16-t-LS

300 POKE 512, 01 POKE 513,6

310 POKE 54286, 192

320 END

display list interrupt routines shown in
listing 3. In listing 2, the routines are
POKEd into memory at lines 220-280.
When the routines are executed in their
appropriate frames, the color register
used for the third square is flip-flopped
between the two colors you chose. Inur-
ing the odd frames, the color register is
set to the first color. During the even
frames, the color register is set to the
second color. Each interrupt routine
causes the other one to execute during
the next frame by modifying the dis-
play list interrupt vector. The input
colors are set into the interrupt rou-
tines by line 290. The result on the
screen is that the third square has a dif-
ferent color than the other two.

To fully utilize Color Dot Alterna-
tion, some additional programming is
needed. You must keep track of which
pixels are to be mixed and which are
not. This can be accomplished by using
multiple display list interrupts in con-

junction with tables giving the mode
lines to be mixed.

The implementation given here
uses two display list interrupts for
alternate frames. Another method is to
use a single display list interrupt that
flip-flops a color register. You would
change the contents of the color regis-
ter during alternate frames. A final
method, although costly in memory, is
to have two separate display memories.
One would contain the color register
numbers used during the odd frames,
and the other would contain the color
register numbers used during the even
frames. If a pixel is to be a pure color,
its associated color register number
would be the same for odd and even
frames. If a pixel is to be mixed, its
color register number would alternate
in the two display memories between
the two registers to be mixed. A display
list interrupt would be used to change
the display list itself to point to the two

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

97

Listing 3

DISPLAY LIST INTERRUPT ROUTINES FOR PROGRAM 2

PHA ODD

FRAME DLI ROUTINE

TXA

PHA

LDA tt0

AT RUN TIME CONTAINS FIRST INPUT COLOR

8TA WSYNC

STA C0LPF2

PUTS FIRST COLOR IN COLOR REGISTER 2

LDA tt20

SETS EVEN FRAME DLI ROUTINE

STA •512

TO EXECUTE DURING NEXT FRAME

PLA

TAX

PLA

RTI

PHA

EVEN FRAME DLI ROUTINE

TXA

PHA

LDA #0

AT RUN TIME CONTAINS SECOND INPUT COLOR

STA WSYNC

STA C0LPF2

PUTS SECOND COLOR IN COLOR REGISTER 2

LDA #0

SETS ODD FRAME DLI ROUTINE

STA •512

TO EXECUTE DURING NEXT FRAME

PLA

TAX

PLA

RTI

display memory areas for different
frames.

One warning about this technique.
When you alternate between colors of
different luminances, flickering will
occur. The flickering will worsen as the
luminances get farther apart and will be
almost non-existent when the lumi-
nances are the same, especially with
the higher color numbers. This flicker
effect can be very useful for special ef-
fects in your programming.

The expansion possibilities for Col-
or Dot Alternation seem endless. You
can experiment with cycles of three or
more. With a cycle of two, your color
palette is 256. With higher cycle num-
bers, the choices are greater, of course.
We have used the technique effectively
with cycles of up to four.

Both Color Dot Mixing and Color
Dot Alternation are simple techniques
that expand the color possibilities of
your Atari. By using these techniques,
or variations, you can begin to realize
the full graphics potential of your
computer.

Contact the authors at 901 Green Forest
Drive, Montgomery, AL 36109.

JMCRO

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98

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

Introduction to 3-D Rotations

on the Apple

by Chris Williams

The techniques of 3-D rotation
are discussed. An Applesoft
demonstration program Is
provided, which Includes
general-purpose routines for
yaw, pitch, and roil.

ROTATE

requires:

Apple with Applesoft

I am fascinated by the computer-gener-
ated special effects recently proliferated
through the film industry. The primary
building block for these special effects
is the 3-D rotation. I've discovered that
these effects are remarkably easy to
produce; this article and program pass
on the techniques required.

The program is written entirely in
Applesoft and isn't offensively slow,
but don't expect fluid motion. The pro-
gram documentation is thorough, but
you should make two copies (one with
REMs, one without). Executing the
REMed program will try your patience.

I won't provide an in-depth discus-
sion on the math; you don't need to
understand it to do rotations. Just strip
out my subroutines and use them
where you need them.

The program draws a hi-res 3-D rec-
tangular box and then rotates it. The
rotation occurs in discrete steps of 15
degrees. It takes about 90 seconds to
rotate through 360 degrees.

This box is a real-world object — it
has height, width, and depth. The task
in doing 3-D display is to project real-
world objects onto a two-dimensional
surface.

Figure 1 is the Apple hi-res screen
for X and Y. Z is supposed to be an axis
drawn out of the screen and perpen-
dicular to it. Since that can't be done,
represent Z as a line drawn at a
45-degree angle, upper left to lower
right. This line allows you to put depth
on the screen.

Figure 2 introduces the box and
shows how the 3-D to 2-D projection
works. Notice that the comers of the

object are numbered points. They cor-
respond to the CR array in the program.
This array is dimensioned (3,8). The
object has eight comers and each comer
has three elements representing X, Y,
and Z coordinates. Lines 170 through
400 of the program simply define the
box in 3-D space.

Now you need to project it onto the
2-D plane. X and Y coordinates corres-
pond precisely so they pose no problem.
The Z coordinate is another matter.

Since Z is defined to be at 45 degrees
to both X and Y, then the Z coordinate

\U L_LL_IJ

1

rigure i

\

\

\

\

\

\

\

s

■^

^

Y AVIO

\

lO

\

\

\

\

[

,,\

^

Y-AXiS

>

/

Z-AAItJ

_

_

_

_

_

is related to X and Y as X = sin(45)*Z,
Y = sin(45]»Z. Sine and cosine of 45
degrees are both .707. Specify a comer's
position in 3-D space as CR(1,I),
CR(2,I), and CR(3,I) where I selects the
comer and 1,2,3 is XYZ. A comer's 2-D
projection onto the X-Y screen is com-
puted in lines 490 and 500 using
X = X+.707.Z, Y = Y+.707»Z. Lines
510 and 520 are there merely for scaling
and putting the box near the center of
the screen.

The edges of the box are defined
even more simply. They are in a table
look-up contained within arrays II and
12. Notice that both these arrays are
dimensioned as 12 as there are 12 edges
on the box.

The number in each element of
these arrays is a comer (see figure 2).
That means an edge exists from point
11(1) to point 12(1). If you look at lines
550 through 590, you'll see HPLOT
draws an edge from X(I1(I)),Y(I1(I)) to
X(I2(I)),Y(I2(I)).

That's all it takes to draw a 3-D
box. You can convince yourself of this
by turning off the rotation in the pro-
gram (insert line 455 GOTO 480). This
will display the box in X,Y.

Now take out the GOTO and try
rotating. Here, the problem is again one

No, 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

99

of axis definition. Refer back to figure 1 .
Call rotation about the Z axis — Roll,
about the X axis — Pitch, and about the
Y axis — Yaw. The program does a Yaw
rotation only.

The trick is in the matrix multiply.
If you let a given corner's coordinates
beXl,Yl,Zl, then

= ROTATION MATRIX] X( Y1

where X2,Y2,Z2 is that point's new,
rotated coordinates.

If you don't understand that, don't
worry. You'll be able to just plug
numbers; you won't need to under-
stand it.

The rotation matrix above is defined
in lines 620 through 720. The angle for
the sine and cosine call comes from
line 450 where degrees are incremented
by 15 each time through the loop and
then converted to radians.

The choice of where the sine and
cosine terms go in the rotation matrix
determines whether the rotation is
Roll, Pitch, or Yaw. Looking at the pro-
gram, see that for Yaw

DIM RT{3,3) =

c(Yaw)
0.0
- s{Yaw)

0.0
1.0
0.0

s(Yaw)
0.0
c(Yaw) /■

How to run a listing in
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Listing 1

RfW
REM
REM

nm

RIM
REM

ROTOTE TUTORIAL
BY C. WIU.I.V1S
COPYWICHT 1982
BY C. WILLI V«

10 DIM CO(3),C(3)

20 DIM 11(12), 12(12)

30 DIM FT(3,3)

40 DIM CRNR(3,fl)

50 DIM XP(8),YP(8)

60 DIM D(3)

65 REM READ EDGE-START POINTS INTO II

70 FOR I = 1 TO 12

90 READ A

90 IKI) = A

100 NEXT

110 DATA 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1,2,3,4

115 REM RB^D EDGE-END POI»TrS ITOD 12

120 TOR I = 1 TO 12

130 REM) B

140 12(1) = B

150 DATA 2,3,4,1,6,7,8,5,5,6,7,9

160 ^^EXT

165 REM DEIFINE 3-D POSITION OP CORNERS

170 CRNRd.l) = 0.

180 CRNR(2,1) = 0.

190 CRNR(3,1) = 0.

200 CRNR(1,2) = 0.

210 CR»IR(2,2) = 1.

220 CRNR(3,2) = 0.

230 CRNR(1,3) = 1.

240 CRNR(2,3) = 1.

250 CRNR(3,3) = 0.

260 CRNR(1,4) = 1.

270 CRNR(2,4) = 0.

280 CRNR(3,4) = 0.

290 CRNR(1,5) = 0.

300 CRNR(2,5) = 0.

310 CRNR(3,5) = 2.

320 CRNR(1,6) = 0.

330 CRNR(2,6) = 1.

340 CRNR(3,6) = 2.

350 CRNR(1,7) = 1.

360 CRNR(2,7) = 1.

370 CRNR(3,7) = 2.

380 CRNR(1,8) = 1.

390 CRNR(2,8) = 0.

400 CRNR(3,8) = 2.

405 REM LINE 410 SETS VARIABLES ETIR SPEED

410 P7 = .707!OE = l:V:l = 2:TR = 3:TT = 30!SF

420 F1C0I£)R= 3

430 HOME : VTAB 5: INPtrr "ENTER INITIAL ROTATION ANGU!

440 RAD = 3.14159 / 130.

445 REM TIE UXyP BEGINS '1ERE WITM ANGLE INCREMENT

450 AG = AG + EV;AG = AG * RAO

460 QOSUB 620: REM RT DEFINED

470 OOSUB 740: REM MATRIX MULTIPLY

475 REM TlIS LOOP DOES TIE 3-D — >2-D PROJETTION, PLUS SCREEN SCALING

480 FDR I = OE TO EI

P7 * CRW(TR,I)

P7 * CRNR(TR,I)

+ <W

+ SF

75;FV = 15:EI = a-.'iU = 150

";AG

490 XP(I)

500 YP(I)

510 XP(I) = (XP(I)

520 YP(I) = (YP(I)

530 NEXT

535 RJM

540 -IGR

545 RIM

= CRNR(OE,I) +

= CRNR(W,I) +

TT)

TT)

ERASE OLD BOX, FULL SCREEN
: POKE - 16302,0

CRAW IT, PUK TIE EDGES
550 FOR I = 1 TO 12
560 PI = iKl)
570 P2 = 12(1)

580 HPinr XP(P1),YP(P1) TO XP(P2),YP(P2)
590 NEXT
600 GOTO 450
610 END

615 REM SUBROtrriNE AT 620 DEFINES RT
620 CANGLE = OOS (AG)
630 SANGI£ = SIN (AG)
640 FOR I = I TO 3
650 FOR J = 1 TO 3
660 RT(I,J) = 0.
670 NEXT J: NEXT I
680 RT(1,1) = CANGLE
690 RT(2,2) = 1,
700 RT(3,3) = CANGLE
710 RT(1,3) = SA.NGLE

(contini

100

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November II

Listing 1 (continued)

720 Ffr(3,l) = ( - SANGLE)

730 REITJRN

735 REM SUBROUTINE AT 740 DOES X,Y,'7. GCT

740 FDR I = OE TO EI

750 FDR J = OE TO TR

760 C(J) = CRMR(J,I)

770 MEXT J

780 OOSUB 840: REM >M3

790 CRNR(OE,I) = cr)(OE)

800 CRNR(TW, I) = CX)(TW)

810 CRNR(TR,I) = cr)(TR)

820 fJEXT : RETURN

830 EJTO

835 REM LIVE 840 STARTS THE y^^TRIX MULT.

340 FDR K = 1 TO 3

850 D(K) = 0.

860 NEXT K

870 FDR II = OE TO TR

880 TOR J = OE TO TR

890 D(II) = 0(11) + RT(II,J) * C(J): NEXT J

900 NEXT II

910 TOR II = OE TO TR

920 CO(II) = D(II)

930 NEXT II

940 RETURN

If you'd like to do Pitch rotations,
rearrange the array to look like this:

And for Roll rotations, like this:

DIM RT(3,3) =

0.0 0.0

c(Pitch) - s(Pitch)
s(Pitch) c(Pitch)

DIM RT(3,3) =

c(Roll)
-s(Ro!l)
0.0

s(Roll)
c(Roll)
0.0

0.0
0.0
1.0

If you don't know matrix algebra, it

doesn't matter. Just rearrange lines 680
through 720 to produce arrays as shown
above and you can rotate any way you
wish.

That's all there is to 3-D rotation. I
cringe as I say that because there are all
sorts of things to be reckoned with. Re-
fraction, shading, and hidden lines and
objects are not topics to be discussed in
an article with a title like this one. But
the program here is a good foundation.

There is room for improvement, of
course. The more adventuresome
readers might try defining other 3-D
shapes and then rotating them. The
subroutines are all there. Or you might
work for speed; a more fluid update
would certainly be a plus. Let me know
what you come up with.

Mi. Williams is an electrical engineer/
writer. He may be contacted at 5676 S.
Meadow Lane #101, Ogden, UT 84403.

JMCftO

Uacision
Oystems

O«ci«ion Syit«mi

P.O. Box 13006
O«nton, TX 76203

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PET/CBM

SOFTWARE

TM

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DISPLAY

OR

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FROM THE KEYBOARD OR PROGRAM
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FROM THE SAME MACHINE

Available for either 4000 or 8000 Series

ALSO:
For 2001 / 3000 Series Computers

Operate thiese Models in a Full 8032 Like

Display For Word Pro 4*

and all other 80 Column Software

All installation instructions included.

EXECOM CORP.

1901 Polaris Ave.
Racine, Wl 53404
Pin. 414-632-1004

PET/CBM a trademark of Commodore Business Machines
*trademark of Professional Software, Inc.

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

101

201 8389027

THE TACKLER"

DUAL • MODE PARALLEL INTERFACE FOR

THE APPLE*

2 BOARDS IN ONE FOR NO MORE

COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMSI

An intelligent board to provide easy control of your

printer's full potential. Plus a standard parallel

board at ttie flip of a switcfi - your assurance of

compatibility with essentially all software for tfie

APPLE*. Hires printing witfi simple keyboard

commands tfiat replace fiard to use software

routines. No disks to load. Special features include

inverse, doubled, and rotated grapfiics and many

text control features, available tfirougfi easy

keyboard or software commands.

If s simple to print HIRESgrapfiicsfrom an APPLE computer witfiTfielackler

from TYMAC. Tfiis is tfie first truly universal parallel interface! Plus tfie ROM

for your specific printer. Sopfiisticated intelligence wfien you need it, total

compability tfiat never lets you down.

Cfiange printers - no need to buy anotfier board. Just plug in one of our

ROM'S and you're all set ROM'S available for Epson, C. Itofi, NEC, and

Okidata - otfiers available soon.

You've asked us to make the TACKLER better than the others and we

did $159.00 1

UPGRAOEABLE
PARALLEL PRINTER CARD

A Universal Centronics type parallel printerboard
complete witfi cable and connector. Tfiis unique
board allows you to turn on and off tfie fiigfi bit so
tfiat you can access additional features in many
printers. Easily upgradeable to a fully intelligent
printer board witfi grapfiics and text dumps. Use
witfi EPSON, C ITOH, ANADEX STAR-WRITER,
NEC. OKI and otfiers witfi standard Centronics
configuration. $139.00

THE PERFORMER PRINTER
FORMATTER BOARD for Epson, OKI, NEC
8023, CITOH 8510 provides resident HIRES
screen dump and print formatting in firmware.
Plugs into Apple slot and easy access to all
printer fonts tfirougfi menu witfi PR# command.
Use witfi standard printercards to add intelligence.
$49.00 specify printer.

THE MIRROR FIRMWARE FOR NOVATION APPLE CAT ll"

Tfie Data Communication Handler ROM Emulatessyntax of anotfier popular
Apple Modem product witfi improvements. Plugs directly on Apple CAT II
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dial, remote terminal, voice toggle, easy printer access and mucfi more.
List $39.00 Introductory Price $29.00

DOUBLE DOS Plus

A piggy-back board tfiat plugs into tfie disk-controller card so tfiat you can
switcfi select between DOS 3.2 and DOS 3.3. DOUBLE DOS Plus requires
APPLE DOS ROMS. $39.00

NIBBLES AWAY II

AGAIN! Ahead of all others.
AUTO-LOAD PARAMETERS . . . Free's the user from having to

Manually Key in Param values used with the more popular software

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EXPANDED USER MANUAL . . . incorporates new Tutorials for

all levels of expertice; Beginners Flowchart for 'where do I begin' to

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TRACK/SECTOR EDITOR . . .An all new Track/Sector Editor,

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Super PIX HIRES SCREEN DUMP

The Software package that will allow your printer to dump page 1 or page 2 of
the Apple Hires screen horizontally or vertically Use with EPSON* MX-80
with or without GRAFTRAX* Roms, MX-70 - OKI* Microline 80, 82, 83, 82A,
83A- C. ITOH* 8510 and NEC 8023A Requires Tymac Parallel Printer
Board PPC-1 00... $24.95.

APPLE LI NK-A versitile modem utility that provides the Apple user the

ability to transfer disk files and software over the phone. Only one package

needed for full transfers. Compatable with all DOS file types. $59.00

(requires Hayes Micro Modem)

TH E APPLE CARD-Two sided 1 00% plastic reference card Loaded with
information of interest to all Apple owners. $3.98

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^^^^^ Dealer and Distributor Inquires Invited.

LOCI = *7C8e

10 PC = «3FC7

20 LABL: STEP 103 NODISP

38 IF X<*3E OR @L0C1««I7 THEN GOTO LABL

40 PRINT "HERE IS THE CULPRIT"

50 SHOW<100

PTD-6502 is a high speed, compiled BASIC-like lan-
guage, light years ahead of the Apple II Single Stepper
and far more sophisticated than any other 6502 de-
bugger available. It allows you to sit back effortlessly
while your computer glides through your code at a thou-
sand instructions per second looking for your bugs. Or
you can select a slower speed with updated display of
memory. A paddle-controlled single stepper mode is
also available. At either of the slower speeds, the
PTD-6502 monitors and saves the last 1 28 instructions
executed for review at any time.

Virtually unlimited breakpoint complexity is per-
mitted with the PTD-6502. IF statements with mixed
AMD's and OR's can be created to test conditions such
as memory change, memory = value, Instruction loca-
tion, . . . and many others. You can have as many named
breakpoints as you wish in both ROM and RAM.

Some other features of the PTD-6502 include • Fast
subroutine execution. • Hex calculator/converter

• Hex/ASCII memory dump. • Up to 16 machine lan-
guage cycle timers. • Ability to monitor specific labeled
areas in memory while stepping. • Effective address.

• Accessible monitor commands. • A documented mod-
ule for relocation of the PTD-6502 to virtually any loca-
tion (source code supplied).

The debugging program shown on the monitor Is a

simple example; it could be far more complex. If you can
think of it, you can probably scan for it at 1 000 Instruc-
tions per second. If you're a professional, the PTD-6205
can pay for itself in the first few hours of use. If you're a
novice, you'll soon be debugging like a pro.

ORDER: PTD-6502 Debugger

including DOS 3.3 Disk

and instruction manual

$49.95

(Note that disk is not copy protected. Order only
one for each business or institution.) In Califor-
nia, add 6.5% sales tax.
PTD-6502 requires Autostart ROM for fast breakpoint.

PTERODACTYL
SOFTWil^®

1452 Portland Ave. • Albany GA 94706 • (41 5) 525-1 605

102

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 19(

/MCftO

From Here to Atari

By Paul Swanson

We aie pleased to intioduce out new
Atari Column. Paul Swanson has pub-
lished aiticles in several miciocom-
putei magazines and has authored a
book on disk techniques. He runs his
own software consulting firm and
markets a full-size keyboard for the
Atari 400.

The Atari has two microprocessors in-
stead of one, unlike what you would
find in most systems. The main pro-
cessor is the 6502. Atari, Inc., custom-
made the second processor, ANTIC,
which is used to control just the
graphics screen. A few other custom
chips in the Atari are not full micro-
processors, but you can control them
through the hardware registers.

Taking advantage of all the Atari's
special hardware can be quite com-
plicated. Fortunately, because of the
various graphics modes available,
much of this hardware can be accessed
through BASIC without knowing very
much about the hardware itself.

You can write simple programs
using the information in the BASIC
Reference Manual supplied with the
BASIC cartridge. More complex pro-
grams that take advantage of Atari's
special chips require more information.
I will supply you with details of this
special hardware in upcoming columns.

Each month's column will focus on
some feature of Atari's hardware. I in-
tend to take these topics from letters I
receive, so if you have questions or need
more information on a specific func-
tion, send me a letter at 97 Jackson St.,
Cambridge, MA 02140. (If you don't
want your name mentioned, be sure to
note that in your letter. I will include
excerpts from letters in my columns.)

In addition to answering questions
concerning the Atari, this column will
also contain information on new hard-
ware and software from Atari and other
manufacturers. Already available from
second sources are memory boards for
both the 800 and the 400. The 32K
board (for both) has been available from
several different companies for over a
year now. There is also 48K on a single
card that you can plug into your 400.

I've heard of a 64K board but haven't
seen it yet. The Atari can't address 64K
directly because of the 16K reserved for
the operating system ROM and the
hardware registers. The 64K board is
bank-selectable so it doesn't exceed the
48K allowed. Available pseudo disks
give you 128K of memory that you can
access as if it were a disk.

Many new products have been an-
nounced for the Atari, and many are
about to be announced. Much of the
new software available is in response to
Atari Inc.'s interest in home educa-
tional applications. My First Alphabet,
by Fernando Herrera, is still one of the
best educational software packages
available for younger children. A new
program called Master Type, from
Lightning Software, makes an interest-
ing spaceship game out of learning
touch typing. If you want to learn how
to type, you may want to get your local
computer store to demonstrate this
program for you. It is listed at $39.95,
requires 32K and a disk drive, and
keeps your interest with 17 levels of
complexity. These two software
packages, as well as the memory
boards, are available at most computer
stores that carry Atari.

This column, on occasion, will try
to clarify conflicting rumors. For exam-
ple, I have heard three or four people
asking about the "special vector" you
can use in the Atari to get rid of the key
click. I can appreciate the need for
eliminating that noise — it seems much
louder when everyone else is asleep —
but I disassembled part of the operating
system looking for the keyboard click
and found no place to POKE anything
that would eliminate it. The part in
question is in ROM and you can't alter
ROM with a POKE. It doesn't check
with any RAM locations before the JSR
(Jump to SubRoutine) that produces the
click. The only ways I can see to
eliminate the click include physically
disconnecting the keyboard speaker or
writing your own keyboard handler.
Even writing the keyboard handler
would not eliminate the click under
every possible condition; you have to
initiate the handler every time one of a
variety of different things happens.

Future columns may also include a
listing of a short utility program
(BASIC) that is in the public domain. No

machine-readable copies will be avail-
able. If you really don't want to type it
in, check with your local user group to
see if anyone already typed it in.

My December column will feature
the Atari Regional Software Acquisi-
tion Centers; January will include
available technical literature. Decem-
ber's column will be of particular in-
terest if you plan to market any of your
Atari software. January's topic covers
places where you can find lists and ex-
planations of all those special memory
locations that you need to develop fan-
cier software.

iMCftO

It Pays
to Write
for MICRO!

Get paid for your ideas:
write for MICRO! Thousands
of people read MICRO every
month. MICRO is sold in
computer stores and on
newsstands worldwide. Send
for a copy of our Writer's
Guide now. Our author
payment rate is competitive
with the leading magazines In
the industry.

We welcome articles on any
aspect of 6502/6809/68000
hardware and software for the
Apple, Atari, CBM/PET,
TRS-80 Color Computer, VIC,
OSI, 6809, or 68000. Topics for
upcoming issues are:
Programming languages
(besides BASIC),
Communications, Operating
Systems, and new Computers.

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

103

Wiat's ealing

your Apple?

Find out with Apple-Ciiiin II™

It's a fact of computer life. Software and
hardware interact. If there's a problem eating
your Apple, you can spend hours trying to
find out whether software or hardware is the
culprit. Unless you have Apple-Cillin II.
Apple-Cillin II is a comprehensive diagnostic
system developed by XPS to check the
performance of your Apple II computer
system. Apple-Cillin II contains 21 menu
driven utilities to thoroughly test the operation
of your system, and either identify a specific
problem area or give your system a clean bill
of health. Quickly and easily.
Apple-Cillin II works with any 48K Apple
system equipped with one or more disk
drives.

To order Apple-Cillin II - and to receive
information about our other products - Call
XPS Toil-Free: 1-800-233-7512. In
Pennsylania: 1-717-243-5373.
Apple-Cillin II: $49.95. PA residents add 6%
State Sales Tax.

XPS

XPS, Inc.

323 York f^oad

Carlisle, Pennsylvania 17013

800-233-7512

717-243-5373

NEW SOFTWARE

for TRS 80 Model III

and the Color Computer

■ Church Contribution System

designed to simplify and facilitate the tedi-
ous chore of recording envelopes. Provides a
variety of reports. Maintains its own data-
files. Only $150

■ Data Base Manager

designed to help organize all your data and pro-
vide you with meaningful reports. Add or delete
any information. New files can be created and
old information transferred. Only $150

■ Single Entry Ledger

designed as an uncomplicated control of
finances for home or small business. Add, de-
lete, edit at any time. Compatible with
DBM. Only $95

Write or phone for complete software price list.

VISA'

2457 Wehrle Drive
Amherst, NY 14221
716/631-3011

CSE means OSI

Custom After Market Software
for C1P and C4P machines

'Basic Enhancer:

Renumber, Auto Sequencer, Screen Control func-
tions, and tape 1/0 system that is faster and has file
names

CIP $21.95

CAP $29.95

Modified Monitor Rom Chip:

Now get indirect jump-capabilities just like those
in the CIP and for no extra charge CSE will burn in
your machines serial number $16.95

'NOTE: The G4P version of the Basic Enhancer in-
cludes the modified monitor Rom chip required for
proper program functioning.

This is only a partial listing of our products. Write us
for information on new disk programs or send $2 for
catalog. Please include $2.00 shipping and handling
with orders.

Computer

Science

Engineering

Box 50 • 291 Huntington Ave. Boston 02115

Apple II is 3 fradsmart ot AppJe Computer Inc

104

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1S82

AMCRO

Dr. William R. Dial
438 Roslyn Avenue
Akron, OH 44320

6809 Bibliography

78. Color Computer News, Issue No. 10 (July, 1982)

Jackson, Jesse W,, "TTYPELOG," pg. 58-60.

A utility for the Color Computer to log tape infonnation to

your printer.
Rouse, Alan, "Mortgage," pg. 62-64.

A "What If" program for the Color Computer.
Eichman, Steve, "Shaplist," pg. 65-67.

An Inventory/ File program for the 6809-based Radio Shack

Color Computer.
Aker, Jack L., "BASIC Program Line Mover," pg. 69-70.

A utility for a Color Computer with Extended BASIC, and

16K or 32K memory.

Becus, Georges A., "TRACETXT Listing Produced by PRIN-
TXT CTRACE," pg. 71-75.

A trace utility for the 6809-based Color Computer.
Pretty, Richard, "A Pull on Your 'Art' Strings," pg. 11 .

A simple string art program for the TRS-80 Color Computer.
Barnes, Mark, "Gold Mine," pg. 78-81.

A graphics maze game for the 6809-based Color Computer.
Wright, Darrel, "Convert That File," pg. 83-84.

A utility program to convert a Telewriter text file to a standard

ASCn data file or vice versa. For the TRS-80 Color Computer.
Peterson, Russell M., n, "Exploring Graphics Modes," pg. 87-88.

Using the SDS80C Editor/Assembler on the TRS-80 Color

Computer.

79. 80-U.S. Journal, 5, No. 7 (July, 1982)

Roberts, R.N., "Togetherness," pg. 88-89.
Tape merge for the 6809-based TRS-80 Color Computer.

Causer, R. Shane, "17K of RAM," pg. 94-95.
Squeeze extra space from memory on your TRS-80 Color
Computer. This is done by saving IK of memory out of a pro-
gram requiring 16K of memory.

80. The Rainbow, 2, No. 1 (July, 1982)

Parkman, Bob, "Silent Answer," pg. 4.

A driver to interface a TI Silent 700 with the 6809-based

TRS-80 Color Computer.
Mir, Jorge, "Let's Go On A Simple Rainbow Adventure," pg.
9-17.

An adventure-type program for the Color Computer.
Blyn, Steve, "Design Programs to Help Children Learn," pg.
18-19.

BEEPEROO is a simple program for the Color Computer

which can be used to reinforce the concept of simple addition

of three-digit numbers.
Penrose, Paul, "Playing Around With Your 80C," pg. 22.

Playing music with the TRS-80 Color Computer.
Morgan, Alan J., "Synchronizing with Your SAM Chip," pg.
24-25.

Using the 6883 SAM chip with the 6809-based Color Computer.
Nolan, Bill, "Make Magic Rings on Magic 80C," pg. 27-29.

For addicts of fantasy role-playing programs, this Color Com-
puter listing rolls up magic rings for you.
Rutledge, E.P., "Disk File Helps You Keep Track of Every-
thing," pg. 30-33.

A utility for the 6809-based Color Computer.
Lewandowski, Dennis S., "Let's Soak Up Some Assembly,"
pg. 38-39.

A second tutorial on 6809 assembly-language programming.
Ebbert, Jim, "Is There Any Escape from No Escape?", pg. 42-45.

A space-navigation graphics program for the Radio Shack

TRS-80 Color Computer.

Waclo, John, "The NFL Report Can Choose This Fall's Win-
ners," pg. 50-64,

Put the National Football League on your Color Computer.

81. Compute! 4, No. 1 (January, 1982)

Mansfield, Richard, "BRANCH NEVER and QUIF Assembling
on SuperPET," pg. 146-149.
An instructional article for SuperPET users.

82. Microcomputing, 6, No. 8 (August, 1982)

Whitman, James A., "Pascal and BASIC Square Off, Con-
tinued," pg. 22.

Benchmark tests including data on the 6809-based TRS-80

Color Computer.

83. MICRO, No. 51 (August, 1982)

Steiner, John, "Interfacing the Color Computer," pg. 33-36.
Circuits to interface the TRS-80 Color Computer to an
RS-232 port and a motor control relay are presented. A Morse
Code send/receive program is included as a demonstration.

Staff, "MICRO Reviews in Brief," pg. 39-41.
Reviews include discussion of a disassembler for the 6809
and the Compuvoice Synthesizer for the 6809-based Color
Computer.

Dial, Wm. R., "6809 Bibliography," pg. 118.
Some 26 items relating to 6809 literature are listed.

84. 80 Micro, No. 52 (September, 1982)

Miller, Franklyn D., "The Colorful Computer — Part 11," pg.
152-162.

Twenty programs for the 6809-based TRS-80 Color Computer.
Tucker, Richard, "Cheaper Upgrade," pg. 186-188.

Do it yourself and save substantial cost in converting a 4K

Color Computer, 8K Color BASIC to a 16K Extended Color

BASIC by installing the new ROM yourself.
Norman, Scott L., "Pascal Goes Color," pg. 198-202.

Compiled Pascal for the Color Computer is discussed.
Sprouse, Gerald, "Joystick Paintbrush," pg. 230-232.

Use the Color Computer like a drawing board, employing

two programs listed.
Osborne, Frank H., "Conversion," pg. 238-240.

Rewrite Level n BASIC programs to run on the 6809-based

Color Computer.
Heusinkveld, John, "PCLEAR 0," pg. 282.

Make hi-res graphics use high memory on the 6809-based

Color Computer.

85. Personal Computer, 5, No. 8 (August, 1982)

Curtis, Mike and Whelan, Joe, "The Dragon," pg. 112-116.
Dragon 32 is a new 6809-based British microcomputer with
full color, 32K RAM, 16K Microsoft BASIC, etc.

86. Color Computer News, Issue No. 11 (August, 1982)

Morrow, Ken, "Program Relocation," pg. 19-21.

Discussion and listing for program relocation on the

6809-based TRS-80 Color Computer.
Bassen, Howard, "Optimizing High-Resolution Animated
Games in Extended BASIC — Part 2," pg. 23-26.

Tutorial on the use of game routines with several demo

listings.
Lester, Lane P., "Motion Picture Programming and the
Teacher," pg. 27-28.

Animation on the Color Computer. JMCftO

No. 54- November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

105

/MCftO

Software Catalog

Name: Adventure to

Atlantis

System; Apple II
Memory: 48K
Language: Machine Code
Hardware: One disk drive
Description: This game com-
bines the best features of
adventure games, arcade
games, and fantasy role-
playing games. Adventuie to
Atlantis is a sequel to Odyssey:
The Complete Adventure. The
struggle between the forces of
magic (The High One) versus
the forces of science |The
Atlanteans] continues. The
game uses four methods to
grab the player's attention:
high-resolution color graphics
and animation, sound effects
to enhance the action, random
events at all stages of the
adventure, and embedded
arcade-like action.
Price: $40.00

Includes one floppy disk.
Author: Robert C. Clardy
Available:

Synergistic Software

830 N. Riverside Drive

Suite 201

Renton, WA 98055

Name: The Business

Bookkeeping
System^**

System: Apple n, Apple 11

Plus, Apple in
Memory: 48K
Language: Applesoft BASIC
Hardware: Two disk drives,
video monitor,
printer, emulation
mode (Apple HI)
Description: The Business
Bookkeeping System is a cash
accounting system that in-
cludes general ledger, cus-
tomer activity, vendor activity,
and employee activity. It con-
tains eleven general ledger
reports, five customer activity
reports, four vendor activity
reports, and six employeee ac-
tivity reports.
Price: $395.00

Includes indexed

documentation, ten

diskettes, toll-free software

support.
Available:

Dakin 5 — Authorized Apple

dealer

Name: Astro Blast
System: TRS-80 Color

Computer
Memory: 16K/cassette

32K/disk
Language: Assembly
Hardware: Joysticks
Description: Astio Blast is a
space "shoot-em-up" featuring
the highest resolution
graphics, lots of color, and
dramatic sound effects. Wave
after wave of alien attackers
are a challenge to your joystick
and fire-button skills. Three
selectable skill levels coupled
with automatic game accelera-
tion challenge both novice and
professional.
Price: $24.95/cassette

$29.95/disk

Includes full instructions.
Author: Ron Krebs
Available:

Mark Data Products

23802 Barquilla

Mission Viejo, CA 92691

Name; INTROL-C/6809
Compiler System

System; FLEX, UniFLEX,

OS-9, CP/M
Memory; 56K
Language; C

Description: Powerful C lan-
guage compiler develops pro-
grams in C for systems run-
ning under FLEX, UniFLEX, or
OS-9; also as cross-software for
CP/M-based development sys-
tems. Full-blown implementa-
tion provides full support of all
standard C except initializers
and bitfields. Written entirely
in C itself, Introl-C includes a
C compiler, 6809 assembler,
linking loader, standard run-
time library and library
manager, and unsurpassed
code efficiency.
Price: From $400.00

Includes diskette, user

manual, one-year

maintenance/update.
Author: Richard D. Pennington
Available:

Introl Corp.

647 W. Virginia St.

Milwaukee, WI 53204

(414) 276-2937

Name; Frazzle

System; Apple n or Apple

n Plus
Memory: 48K
Language: 6502 Assembly
Hardware; Disk Drive (Dual

DOS 3.2/3.3)
Description: Muse annoimces
the release of Fiazzle, the com-
puter game that puts you in
the future. The scene begins in
space, with you commanding a
Frazzle Force Ship that is sud-
denly under attack by Beasties.
Colorful screen graphics show
your position on the ship's
radar screen, the force field
surrounding you, and odd-
shaped Beasties zooming in.
Your ammunition is pulsating
Energy Probes, which beep and
flash as you release them on
the screen. You must stop the
Beasties while avoiding colli-
sions with them, with the walls
of the force field, and with
your own ammunition. Sound
effects include the electronic
hum of a radar monitor and the
squish of Energy Probes dis-
solving the Beasties.
Price: $24.95
Author: J.C. Nolan
Available;
Direct from Muse and
computer stores nationwide

Name; K-Razy Kritters

System: Atari 400/800
Memory; 8K
Language: Machine Code
Hardware: ROM Cartridge
Description: This challenging
celestial adventure with ten
levels of play begins with three
command ships. The player's
active command ship attempts
to destroy free-falling alien
patrol "Kritters" descending
from above. Weapons include
standard missiles and super-
missiles. If a command ship is
destroyed, a sanitation crew
will remove the wreckage.
Price: $39.95 suggested retail

Includes ROM cartridge and

instruction booklet.
Author: Torre Meeder
Available:

K-Byte

1705 Austin

Troy, MI 48084

or your local computer

software dealer

Name: 3D Drawing Board

System: TRS-80 Color

Computer
Memory: 16K
Language: BASIC
Description: 3D Diawing
Board is a tool for education,
entertainment, or serious proj-
ects. It helps you draw objects
in three dimensions, rotates
them, and changes elevation,
size, and distance. The draw-
ings can be saved to tape or
disk for future use.
Price: $24.95/cassette

$29.95/disk

Includes complete

instruction manual and

program with samples.
Author: Mark Laessig
Available;

Computerware

Box 668

Encinitas, CA 92024

(714) 436-3512

Name: Computer- Aided

Instruction for
General Chemistry

System: Apple,

Commodore PET,

TRS-80 ra

Memory: 48K/Apple II
Language: Applesoft/Apple II
Hardware: Apple — DOS 3.3
PET — 4040 or
2031 disk drive
Description; A comprehensive
set of 20 programs designed to
supplement a course in general
chemistry. Each program con-
tains 50-70 drills, exercises,
and problems (approximately
24 Vi hours of machine time)
presented in an interactive for-
mat. The questions are ran-
domly generated. No computer
experience is necessary. In-
tended for introductory college
level or advanced placement in
high school.
Price; $325.00
Includes four disks for the
Apple n, two disks for the
PET, and four or five disks
for the TRS-80, and
complete documentation.
Authors: William Butler
Raymond Hough
Available;
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Eastern Distribution Center
Order Processing Dept.
1 Wiley Drive
Somerset, NJ 08873

106

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

Plus Sensational Limited-Time Savings
On Ohio Scientific C1P Series personal
computers, Superboard and C1 P
accessories, spare replacement parts,
printers, monitors, integrated circuits,
and other computer-related components.

To Order

Call us directly or return order coupon with
your check, money order, or Mastercard or
Visa Account Number. Orders will normally be
shipped within 48 hours after receipt.
$100.00 minimum order.

FREE

Sampler Cassettes with each Superboard II and
C1P series order!

Taxi (Game), Electronic Equations, Loan Finance, Straight
and Constant Depreciation, Uneven Cash Flows

Tiger Tank, Flip Flop, (Logic Game), Hectic, Black Jack,
Master Mind

Super Sale!

40% Off On Ohio Scientific Superboard II
A Complete Computer System On A Board

includes full-size 53-key keyboard, video and audio cassette
interfaces; SWAP, Modem, sampler cassettes; manual; 8K
BASIC-in-ROM, with 8K RAM. Requires 5-V/3 amp regulated
DC power supply. 30-day limited warranty. Supply is limited.
ONLY $200.00

Cleveland Consumer Computers & Components

1333 8. Chillicothe Road, Aurora, OH 44202
TO ORDER: CALL 1-800-321-5805 TOLL FREE
(Ohio Residents Call 216-562-4136)

D SUPERBOARD II, $200.00

D Send Detailed Catalog/Order Form

Name .

Address .

state.

City

Payment by enclosed check or money order or charge to:
D MasterCard Q VISA

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Total Amount Charged or Enclosed $

-Zip„

Ohio Residents Add 5.5% Sales Tax. All Orders Will Be Shipped Insured By UPS Unless
Requested Otherwise.

comp case

IS THE PERFECT GIFT FOR THE COMPUTER THAT HAS EVERYTHING

Your investment in a computer is long term. You expect
many years of reliable service. Comp Case protects
your investment when not in use or while transporting it
from office or home. Your computer never leaves the
case — you simply remove the lid, make the electrical
connection, and operate. Comp Cases are available for
most bran(js of computers and peripherals.

Comp Case is the perfect Christmas
gift. Comp Cases are available in
better computer stores in our area.
Or call 800-848-7548 direct to
receive your Comp Case in
time for Christmas.

COMPUTER CASE COMPANY • 5650 INDIAN MOUND COURT • COLUMBUS, OHIO 43213

t^

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

107

MICftO

Hardware Catalog

Name: Joystick
System: Apple II Plus
Description: This joystick is a
joy to use. Its heavier metal
case doesn't slip or slide like
plastic. And the very sensitive
switch is guaranteed for
1,000,000 pushes. Better con-
trol and reliability.
Price: $59.95
Available:

Datamost, Inc.

9748 Cozycroft Avenue

Chatsworth, CA9I3II

(213J 709-1202

or computer stores

Name: Apple-Mate
Hardware: Floppy disk drive
Description: Add this floppy
disk drive to your Apple com-
puter. It is 100% compatible
with the Apple Disk drive,
and with all Apple software in-
cluding half-track-protected
software.
Price: $335.00

Includes cable.
Available:

Quentin Research, Inc.

19355 Business Center Dr.

Northridge, CA 91324

(213) 701-1006

Name: Freedom 100

Description: This is an ASCII
CRT terminal. It has a block
mode, ten function keys, 15
graphics characters with full
attributes, one-page screen
memory, and separate attri-
butes buffer.
Price: $595
Available:
Liberty Electronics, USA
100 Clement Street
San Francisco, CA 94118

Name: Gimix Intelligent

Serial I/O
Piocessoi Boaid

System: Gimix 6809
Memory: 128K minimum
Hardware: S-30 I/O bus

board
Description: This board re-
duces the number of interrupts
between user terminals and
the host CPU by buffering data
tjansfers between system and
users and preprocessing of the
data. It has on-board CPU and
RAM/EPROM memory, three

RS-232C serial ports, a Z8038
FIO I/O interface, and sup-
ports up to three users. It re-
quires on-board software and
OS drivers.

Price: $438.11

Includes 4K RAM. (Software

is optional.)
Available:

Gimix Inc.

1337 W. 37th PI.

Chicago, IL 60609

(312) 927-5510

Name: The Spectrum
Stick

System: TRS-80 Color

Computer
Memory: 4K and up
Hardware: Joystick
Description: This new joystick
has a hair-trigger firebutton
and swivel-ball type compo-
nent stick. The extra-long
cable makes it easier to put
your joystick where you want
it. Red LED indicator reminds
you to shut off the Color
Computer.

Price: $39.95 plus $2.00 S/H
Includes 10-foot cable, red
LED indicator, joystick,
firebutton, case, and joystick
control
Available:
Spectrum Projects
93-15 86 Drive
Woodhaven, NY 11421
(212) 441-2807 Voice
(212) 441-3755 Computer

Name: Disk-O-Tier

System: All disk-based
systems
5W" or 8"
Description: A convenient
desktop holder for diskettes
that prevents damage by laying
them flat, but allows full
visibility of all diskettes. It is
molded of durable NAS smoked
plastic, and holds eleven
diskettes.
Price: $9.50 plus $2.00

postage

$19.00 for twin-pack, ppd.
Available:

ETS Center

Dept. 97

Box 651

35026-A Turtle Trail

Willoughby, OH 44094

(216) 946-8479

Name: Pro-Guard 8"

Floppy Controller

System: Apple III
Memory: 2.2 megabytes
Hardware: 8" Shugart-

compatible drives
Description: Pro-Guard 8"
Floppy ContToUer adds up to
2.2 megabytes of removable
media and provides backup for
Apple profile. IBM 3740 format
allows 8" disks to be read on
other computers, including
IBM mainframes.
Price: $695

Includes DOS, SOS, Pascal,

CP/M distribution software,

cables, manual.
Available:

Apple Dealers

MICRO-D

SUA, Inc.

Name: Programmable

Sound Module

System: TRS-80 Color

Computer
Memory: 4K and up
Language: BASIC
Description: The Piogiam-
mable Sound Module is a plug-
in cartridge for the Color Com-
puter. A separate audio-
microprocessor and ROM in-
side the cartridge combine to
extend BASIC'S vocabulary
with a versatile sound-effects
system. Complex noises can
be created with short BASIC
phrases and maintained in-
dependently of your program,
allowing simultaneous video
and audio effects.
Price: $139.95

Includes PSM cartridge,

operating system in ROM,

and full instructions.
Available:

Maple Leaf Systems

Box 2190

Station "C"

Downsview, Ontario

Canada M2N 2S9

Name: Voter 30
System: Apple II
Language: BASIC
Description: Voter 30 is a
peripheral hardware /software
package for training, market-
ing, and educational uses using
a group response system for up
to 30 participants. Each par-

ticipant gets a hand-held
keypad to respond to multiple-
choice questions. Voter 3C
tabulates the responses and
produces a color bar chart
showing the breakdown, while
keeping a record of the in-
dividual station responses.
Price: $595 for interface card

with programs and manual.

$125.00 each for polling

stations with cable and

connectors.
Available:

Reactive Systems, Inc.

40 North Van Brunt Street

Englewood, NJ 07631

(201) 568-0446

Name: Mini-Video

182-140

System: 6502-based video

board
Memory: 4K RAM/

4K EPROM
Language: Video Display,-
Monitor & Tom
Pittman's Tiny
BASIC
Hardware: Assembled circuit

board
Description: Add a videc
display to your AIM or othe:
computer. It will run Ton
Pittman's Tiny BASIC witl
the addition of the paralle
keyboard, 5V power supply
and video monitor. Thf
2716-character generator wil
produce 256 8x8 characters
ASCII upper- and lower-case
and graphic characters. Th(
44-pin expansion connecto:
can be used to add up to 6K o
memory or extra I/O ports
The cursor is flashing under
line type. Power requirements
5 volts, 600 MA, 3 watts.
Price: $149.95

Includes documentation and

assembled board without

EPROMs.
Available:

John Bell Engineering, Inc.

1014 Center Street

San Carlos, CA 94070

(415) 592-8411

iSMCftO

108

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 198;

ATARI 400/800

Atari 400 and 800 are color-and-sound computers. 6502 is the main processor and ANTIC handles video.
Atari 400 has a membrane keyboard and Atari 800 has a full-size typewriter keyboard.

Peripherals may include up to four disk-drive units, a cassette unit, printer, and the 850 interface module.
Four programmable controller ports handle joysticks, paddles, light pens, and other accessories.

Sophisticated graphic capabilities include: 256 colors (16 may be displayed on the screen at once), 17
graphic modes (6 character and 11 map), high-resolution graphics (up to 320 x 192), and powerful
player/missile graphics.

Some Useful Memory Locations on the Atari

Page Locations:

Hex

Dec

Length

Name

Description

0010

016

1

PQKMSK

(RQ mask

0012

018

3

RTCLOK

Real time ctock
018 is hi order

0041

065

SOUNDR

Noisy I/O flag

0042

066

CRITIC

Critical I/O flag

004D

077

ATRACT

Attract mode flag

0052

082

LMAHGtN

Left margin

0053

083

RMARGIN

Right margin

■ 008Q

128

2 *

LOMEM

Buffer used to token ize line of BASIC

0082

130

2"

VNTP

Variable name table start

0084

132

2 *

VNTD

Variable name table dummy end

0086

134

2 '

VVTP

Variable value table start

OOOT

136

2*

STMTAB

Statement table

008A

138

2*

STMCUfl

Current statement pointer

008C

140

2 *

STARP

String and array area

008E

142

2*

RUNSTK

BASIC'S software stack

0090

144

2*

MEMTOP

Top of memory used by BASIC program

OOBA

186

2

STOPLN

Line number of most recent stop or error

00C3

195

1

ERRSAV

Error number causing TRAP branch

OOCB

203

7

Available for

user machine-language programs

OODO

21.2

2

Value return

from machine language to BASIC

* Indicates (ocation is a vector

I

ANTIC Commands (Display List)

Banf'ffne commands:
^Command is {# lines -H)* 16
pEx.: Blank 8 lines is (8-1- 1}* 16, or $70 = dec. 144

Jump instruction: S01 = dec. 1 (2-byte instruction)

Jump on vertical blank = $41 = dec. 65 {2-byte instruction)

Display line instruction is equal to the IR mode number
p02-$0f^.
'to set special features, add these values to the instructions:

Add

Hex Dec. For

10 16 Horizontal scroll enable

20 32 Vertical scroll enable

40 64 Load memory scan (makes it a 2-byte

instruction)
,80 128 Display list interrupt enable

"Note: Display list interrupt can be enabled on any command,
but scrolling and load memory scan can be enabled only on
digplay conimarids. . , ,-.. -_ .. -.-,,. :_■■ ^^ ^

ANTIC Commands (Display Modes)

1

^v

Scan

■

?^ ■"

Lines

^

bde

Horlz.

Per Mods

Char/Map

m

BASIC

Pixels

Line

Coion

Mods

02

40

8

1.5

C

03

40

10

1.5

C

04

40

8

5

C

05

40

16

5

C

06

1

20

8

5

C

07

2

20

16

5

C

08

3

40

8

4

M

09

4

80

4

2

U

OA

5

80

4

4

M

OB

6

160

2

2

M

OC

160

1

2

M

OD

7

160

2

4

M

OE

160

1

4

M .

OF

8

320

1

1.5

U

IGTIA: ^_.. __,_..

The GTfA modes are versions of mode 8, instituted
by adding 64, 128, or 192 to PRIOR.

Description

16 luminances of background hue
9 cofofs - uses $D012 through SDOIA^
16 hues of background luminance '-^i

iSMCRO" Data Sheet #10

Compiled by Paul Swanson

ATARI 400/800

00 *r.

^ CB

COLOR VALUES:
Black-gray-white

Burnt Orange

Orange

Red-orange

Red

Purple

Blue-purple

Blue

8 Blue

9 Gray-blue

10 Turquoise

1 1 Aqua

12 Green

13 Yellow-green

14 Orange-green

15 Orange

Default colors (SETCOLOR values): Joysticks:

0,2,8 (Orange)

1,12,10 (Light green)

2,9,4 (Dark blue)

3,4,6 (red)

4,0,0 (Black)

11

For COLORS:

POKE hue* 16 -I- luminance into COLx

For SOUND:

POKE frequency into AUDFx

POKE distortion* 16 -I- volume into AUDCx

Hardware Registers and Shadows

Address

Shadow

(R)ead

or

Hsx Dec

Hex

Dec

Name

Description (W](ite

COLORS:

D012 53266

02C0

704

COLPMO

Playsr-missile

W

D013 53267

02C1

705

C0LPM1

Player-missile 1

W

D014 53268

02C2

706

C0LPM2

Player-misstfe a

w

D01S 53269

02C3

707

C0LPM3

Player- missile 3

w

D016 53270

0204

708

COLPFO

PlaytieldO

w

D017 53271

0205

709

C0LPF1

Playfield 1

w

0018 53272

02C6

710

C0LPF2

Playfield2

w

D019 63273

0207

711

C0LPF3

Playfield 3

w

D01A 53274

02C8

712

COLBK

Playfield background

w

SOUND:

D200 53760

AUDF1

Channel 1 Frequency

w

O201 53761

AU0C1

Channel 1 Coritrol

w

D202 53762

AU0F2

Channel 2 Frequency

w

D203 53763

AU0C2

Channel 2 Control

w

0204 53764

AU0F3

Channel 3 Frequency

w

0205 53765

AU0C3

Channel 3 Control

w

D206 53766

AU0F4

Channel 4 Frequency

w

D207 53767

AU0C4

Channel 4 Control

w

D208 53768

AUOCTL

Audio Control

w

PLAYEF1S AND MISSILES

DOOQ 53248

HPOSPO

Horiz.pos. Player

w

D001 53249

HP0SP1

Horlz. pes. Player 1

w

D002 53250

HP0SP2

Horiz.pos. Player 2

w

0003 53251

HP0SP3

Horiz. pos. Ptayer 3

w

0004 53252

HPOSMO

Horlz. pos. Missile

w

0005 53253

HPOSM1

Horlz. pos. Missile 1

w

D006 53254

HP0SM2

Horiz. pos. Missile 2

w

0007 53255

HP0SM3

Horiz. pos. Missile 3

w

D008 53256

SIZEPO

Size of Player

w

0009 53257

SIZEP1

Size of Player 1

w

OOOA 53258

SIZEP2

Size of Player 2

w

DOOB 53259

SI2EP3

Size of Player 3

w

OOOC 53260

SIZEM

Size of all Missiles

w

0407 54279

PMBASE

Ptayer-mlssile base

w

CHARACTERS:

0401 54273

02F3

755

CHACTL

Cnaracter control

w

0404 54276

HSCROL

Horizontal scroll

w

D405 54277

VSCROL

Vertical scroll

w

0409 54281

02F4

756

CHBAS

Character set base

w

CONTROL REGISTERS:

DO IB 53275

026F

623

PRIOR

Priority Select

w

D01D 53277

GRACTL

Graphics control

w

D20E 53774

0010

016

IRQEN

IRQ enable

w

0402 54274

0230

559

OLISTL

Display list ptr., low

w

0403 54275

0231

560

DLISTH

Display list ptr., high

w

D40E 54286

NMIEN

Non-maskabfe int. enab

.w

Address

Shadow

(R)ead

or

Hex Dec

Hex

Dec

Name

Description (W)rlte

»

GAME CONTROLLER PORTS:

D010 53264

0284

644

TRIGO

Joystick trigger

R

D011 53265

0285

645

TRIG1

Joystick trigger 1

R

0012 53266

0286

646

TRIG2

Joystick trigger 2

R

0013 53267

0287

647

TRIG3

Joystick trigger 3

R

D200 53760

0270

624

POTO

Paddte

R

0201 53761

0271

625

P0T1

Paddle 1

R

0202 53762

0272

626

P0T2

Paddle 2

R

0203 53763

0273

627

P0T3

Paddle 3

R

0204 53764

0274

628

POT4

Paddle 4

R

O205 53765

0275

629

POTS

Paddle 5

R

0206 53766

0276

630

P0T6

Paddle 6

^ 1

0207 53767

0277

631

P0T7

Paddle 7

R '

0208 53768

ALLPOT

Pot port state

R

0208 53771

POTGO

Start pot scan

W

0300 54016

0278

632

PORTA

STICKO

H

0279

633

PORTA

STICK1

R

0300 54016

PORTA

Direction register

W

D301 54017

0280

634

PORTB

STICK2

R

0281

635

PORTS

STICK3

R

0301 54017

PORTB

Direction register

W:

0302 54018

PACTL

Port A control

W

0303 54019

PBCTL

Port B control

W

MISCELLANEOUS:

D01F 53279

CONSOL

Consol switches

R

001 F 53279

CONSOL

Keyboard speaker

W

D20A 53770

RANOOW

random number gen.

R

D20F 53775

0232

562

SKCTL

Serial port control

Wi

040B 54283

VCOUNT

Vertical line counter

R

D40C 54284

0234

564

PENH

Light pen horiz. aos.

R.

0400 54285

0235

565

PENV

Light pert vert POS. H^

Collision Registers for Players and Missiles

0000

53248

MOPF

Missile

■ playfield

R

0001

53249

1^1 PF

Missile 1

■ playfield

R

0002

53250

KA2PF

Missile 2

• playfield

R

O003

53251

M3PF

Missile 3

- playfield

R

O00'4

53252

POPF

Player -

playfield

R

O0O5

53253

PIPF

Player i -

playfield

R

D006

53254

P2PF

Player 2 ■

playfield

R

0007

53255

P3PF

Player 3 ■

playfiekJ

R

0008

53256

MOPL

Missile

- player

R

O009

53257

M1PL

Missile 1

- player

R

OOOA

53258

M2PL

Missile 2

- player

R

OOOB

53259

l^3PL

Missile 3

• player

R

OOOC

53260

POPL

Player ■

player

R

OOOD

53261

P1PL

Player 1 ■

player

R

OOOE

53262

P2PL

Player 2 -

player

R

DOOF

53263

P3PL

Player 3 -

player

R

iMCRO" Data Sheet #10

NATIONAL

ADVERTISING

REPRESENTATIVES

WEST COAST

The R.W. Walker Co., Inc.
2716 Ocean Park Boulevard
Suite 1010

Santa Monica, California 90405
(213) 450-9001

serving: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyom-
ing, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada,
California, Alaska, and Hawaii (also British Columbia
and Alberta, Canada).

MIDDLE ATLANTIC AND
SOUTHEASTERN STATES

Dick Busch Inc.
Richard V. Busch

6 Douglass Dr., R.D. #4
Princeton, NJ 08540
(201) 329-2424

Eleanor M. Angone

74 Brookline

E.Atlantic Beach, NY 11561

(516) 432-1955

serving: New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Dela-
ware, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, D.C., North
Carolina, South Carolina, Louisianna, Tennessee, Mis-
sissippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida.

NEW ENGLAND AND
ALL OTHER TERRITORIES

Kevin B. Rushaiko

Peterboro, New Hampshire 03458
(603) 547-2970

serving: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu-
setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Ohio, Kentucky, Okla-
homa, Arkansas, and Texas (also any other territories
not listed above).

ADVERTISING MANAGER

Cathi Bland
address materials directly to:
MICRO INK, Advertising
34 Chelmsford Street
Chelmsford, Massachusetts 01824
(617)256-5515

Advertiser's Index

Aardvark Technical Services, Ltd 18

ABM Products • 98

Advanced Operating Systems 17

Anthro-Digital Software 8

Apex Co 84

Apple Tree Electronics 2,9

Ark Computing 47

Artsci, Inc IPC

Aurora Software Associates 21

Bedford Micro Systems 8

CGRS Microtech 24

Cleveland Consumer Computer Components 107

Collegiate Microcomputer 77

Computech 15

Computer Case Co 107

Computer Mail Order 64-65

Computer Marketing Service 78

Computer Science Engineering 104

Datamost 33, 34, 90, 92

Decision Systems 101

Digicom Engineering, Inc 68

Digital Acoustics 12

D&N Micro Products, Inc 69

Eastern House Software 61

Excert, Inc : 48

Execom Corp 101

Genesis Information Systems Inc 39

Gimix, Inc 1

Hudson Digital Electronics Inc 40

Interesting Software 73

Kilo Corp -54

Leading Edge Electronics BC

Logical Devices 95

Lyco Corp 58

MICRObits (Classifieds) 28, 30, 31

MICRO INK 32, 82, 84

Micro Motion 68

Microsoft Consumer Products IBC

Micro-Ware Distrihuting Inc 102

M.M.S 76

Modular Systems 77

Olympic Sales Co 21

Optimal Technology 95

Orion Software 6

PEEK(65) 73

Perry Peripherals 39

Pretzelland 37

Pterodactyl Software 102

Quentin Research 52

R C Electronics 71

Sensible Software 89

SGC : 25

6502 Program Exchange 85

Skyles Electric Works 74

Softel ,. 100

Softronics 4

Software Farm. 91

Spectrum Systems 98

Star Micronics 26

Tau Lambda 15

Universal Data Research 104

Versa Computing, Inc 22

Victory Software 1 1

Voicetek, Inc 63

John Wiley & Sons 2

XPS, Inc 104

MICRO INK is not responsible for claims made by its advertisers Any
complaint should be submitted directly to the adyertisei. Please also send
written notification to MICRO.

No. 54 - November 1982

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

111

Next Month in MICRO

Commodore Feature

• SuperPET's Waterloo ASCII Character Set — A

description of the ASCII ciiaracter set used in the
Waterloo interpreters supplied with the SuperPET,

• BASIC Squeeze — A routine to squeeze out
imbedded blanks, line separators, and comments
for a BASIC program.

• Microcomputers in the Chemical Engineering
Curriculum, Part 2 — Analog transducers in a
digital world.

• Add a BASIC Line Delete Command — A

BASIC line delete command allows the user to
delete blocks of BASIC program lines at the touch
of a single key. The article shows how to
implement this command, in machine language,
on Commodore computers, including the VIC-20.

• SOUP — An efficient compare program for
machine-language program files on Commodore
disk: Uses BASIC 4.0 disk commands, but is
otherwise compatible with other Microsoft
BASICS.

• It's All Relative — CBM Disk Techniques, Part

1 — An explanation of how to get the most from
CBM's powerful disk operating system. Examples
are drawn from a well-written mailing list
package.

• VIC Jitter Fixer — Add this routine to your
programs to help get reliable readings from your
VIC paddle, joystick, and light pen registers.

And more...

BASIC Macro Function for Cursor Control

on the OSI
Applesoft GOTO/GOSUB Checking Routine
Logic Instructions of the 68000
Atari Graphics

New Columns!

CoCo Bits — for the Color Computer
From Here to Atari returns

20% OFF

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112

MICRO - The 6502/6809 Journal

No. 54 - November 1982

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• •••••§•.,

Turn your Apple into the world's
most versatile personal computer.

The SoftCard™ Solution. SoftCard
turns your Apple into two computers.
A Z-80 and a 6502. By adding a Z-80
microprocessor and CP/M to your
Apple, SoftCard turns your Apple into
a CP/M based machine. That means
you can access the single largest body
of microcomputer software in exist-
ence. Two computers in one. And, the
advantages of both.

Plug and go. The SoftCard system
starts with a Z-80 based circuit card.
Just plug it into any slot (except 0) of
your Apple. No modifications required.
SoftCard supports most of your Apple
peripherals, and, in 6502-mode, your
Apple is still your Apple.

CP/M for your Apple. You get CP/M
on disk with the SoftCard package. It's
a powerful and simple-to-use operating
system. It supports more software
than any other microcomputer operat-
ing system. And that's the key to the
versatility of the SoftCard/Appie.

BASIC Included. A powerful tool,
BASIC-80 IS included in the SoftCard
package. Running under CP/M, ANSI
Standard BASIC-BO is the most
powerful microcomputer BASIC
available. It includes extensive disk I/O
statements, error trapping, integer
variables, 16-digit precision, exten-
sive EDIT commands and string func-
tions, high and low-res Apple graphics,
PRINT USING, CHAIN and COM-
MON, plus many additional com-
mands. And, it's a BASIC you can
compile with Microsoft's BASIC
Compiler

More languages. With SoftCard and
CP/M, you can add Microsoft's ANSI
Standard COBOL, and FORTRAN, or

Basic Compiler and Assembly Lan-
guage Development System. Ail, more
powerful tools for your Apple.
Seeing is believing. See the SoftCard
in operation at your Microsoft or Apple
dealer. We think you'll agree that the
SoftCard turns your Apple into the
world's most versatile personal
computer.

Complete information? It's at your
dealer's now. On we'll send it to you
and include a dealer list. Write us. Call
us.

SoftCard is a trademark of Microsoft Apple 11 and
Apple 11 Plus are registered trademarks of Apple
Computer. Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog,
Inc. CP/M IS a registered trademark of Digita
Researcfi, Inc.

r CONSUMER^ PRODUCTS^

MICROSOFT Inc.
10700 Northup Way • Bellevue, WA 98004

THE PR0WRIIERGOMEIH

(And It Cometh On Like GangbustersJ

Evolution.

It's inevitable. An eternal
verity.

Just when you think you've
got it knocked, and you're
resting on your laurels, some-
body comes along and makes
a dinosaur out of you.

Witness what happened to
the Centronics printer when
the Epson MX-80 came along
in 1981.

And now, witness what's
happening to the MX-80 as
the ProWriter cometh to be
the foremost printer of the
decade.
SPEED

MX-80: 80 cps, for 46 full lines
per minute throughput.
PROWRITER: 120 cps, for
63 full lines per minute
throughput.
GRAPHICS
MX-80; Block graphics
standard, fine for things like
bar graphs.

PROWRITER: High-resolu-
tion graphics features, fine
for bar graphs, smooth curves,
thin lines, intricate details, etc.
PRINTING

MX-80: Dot matrix business
quality.

PROWRITER: Dot matrix
correspondence quality, with
incremental printing capability
standard.
FEED

MX-80: Tractor feed standard;
optional friction-feed kit for
about $75 extra.
PROWRITER: Both tractor
and friction feed standard.
INTERFACE
MX-80: Parallel interface
standard; optional serial
interface for about $75 extra.
PROWRITER: Parallel and
serial interface standard.
WARRANTY

MX-80: 90 days, from Epson.
PROWRITER: One full year,
from Leading Edge.
PRICE
Heh. heh.

Distributed Exclusively by Leading
Edge Products, Inc., 225 Turnpike -
Street, Canton, Massachusetts
02021. Call: toll-free 1-800-343-6833:
or in Massachusetts call collect
1617)828-8150 Telex 951-624.

LEADIKG
EDGE.

For a free poster of 'Ace "
fProwriter's pilot/ doing his thing,
please write us.